<p>The Little Rincon Mountains are a small range of mountains, lying to the east of the Rincon Mountains, at Tucson, of eastern Pima County, Arizona. The range is located in northwest Cochise County and is part of the western border of the San Pedro River and Valley, the major valley and river of western Cochise County. The river is northward flowing to meet the Gila River; its headwaters are south of the US-Mexico border in northern Sonora. A small part of the Little Rincon range&#39;s southwest lies in Pima County.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Little Rincon Mountains are a 15 mi long range, that trends southwest to northeast. It is a linear range, about 8 mi wide and is created by a canyon that separates it from the eastern flank of the mostly north-south, central block of the Rincon Mountains. The canyon is named Paige Canyon, and the major peaks of the range lie near its headwaters in the southwest. The peaks from south to north are: San Juan Hill, at 5,269 ft, North Star Peak at 6,041 ft, Forest Hill, at 6,114 ft, Bald Mountain, at 5,324 ft, and Wildhorse Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The highest point of the range is Forest Hill (peak) at 6,114 ft. located at 32.1276&deg;N latitude, 110.4317&deg;W longitude</p><br>
<h3>San Pedro Valley</h3><br>
<p>In the San Pedro Valley, the Little Rincons lie directly on the course of the San Pedro River, and force an excursion of the river around the mountain ranges southeast, east, and northeast flank. To the north the valley narrows between mountain ranges; to the south, the San Pedro River flows mostly due north from the Mexican border, though trends northwesterly. The San Pedro Valley also widens extensively in some locales associated with perimeter mountain ranges, or low hill regions. Various tributary washes enter this wider valley region. The largest tributary enters from the southwest, the Babocomari River, from north of the Huachuca Mountains and south of the Whetstones. The Babocomari drains from the Canelo Hills between the northwest Huachucas and the eastern, high-elevation Santa Rita Mountains.</p><br>
<p>McKay Lake is a lake in Lake Superior drainage basin in the east part of Thunder Bay District in northwestern Ontario, Canada and the source of the Pic River. The northeast tip of the lake is 2 km southwest of the Canadian National Railway mainline, 15 km south of Ontario Highway 11 and 17 km west of the community of Caramat.</p><br>
<p>The lake is 19 km long and 6 km wide and lies at an elevation of 321 m. The primary inflows are (counterclockwise from the Pic River outflow): the Pout River at the southeast; an unnamed creek from Little McKay Lake at Yankee Bay at the north; and Sandlink Creek at Northeast Bay at the northeast. The primary outflow is the Pic River at Outlet Bay at the southeast tip of the lake, controlled by the McKay Lake Dam.</p><br>
<p>Big Island in the centre of the lake is surrounded by the North, Morrin, South and West Channels. Other named bays include Boot Bay and Portage Bay at the southwest and Reedy Bay at the east.</p><br>
<p>The Jasper County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located at Carthage, Jasper County, Missouri. It was built in 1894-1895. This highly photographed Richardsonian Romanesque edifice designed by architect Max A. Orlopp Jr. was constructed with local Carthage marble and has medieval castle features that include turrets, towers, and arches. It is the second most photographed building in Missouri.It remains in use by Jasper County officials.</p><br>
<p>The county clerk at the time the courthouse was approved was Annie White Baxter, the first woman to be elected a county clerk in the United States. As a member of county government, she exerted a significant degree of influence in the planning of the building,</p><br>
<p>and she is memorialized on the grounds.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Jasper County Courthouse in Newton, Iowa is a building from 1909. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. In 2014 it was listed as a contributing property in the Newton Downtown Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Court was first held in 1846 in a log cabin. The first courthouse was built of lumber in 1847; it was 18 by 30 feet (5.5 × 9 m) and cost a total of $87.50. That courthouse was later moved to a farm near Newton. A second courthouse was built in 1857 out of limestone and bricks for a total cost of $26,600.</p><br>
<h2>Current courthouse</h2><br>
<p>First dedicated in 1911, the third and current courthouse still stands. It is built of limestone except for the doors and window casings which are wooden. American general and Iowa politician James B. Weaver wrote of the current courthouse in the 1912 county history, "long after the pages of this county history are worn and turned yellow with age, in all human probability this building will stand in all its massive beauty". The Jasper County Medical Society held their annual meetings at the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse stands 121 by 80 feet (37 × 24 m) with a 140-foot (43 m) clock tower. The clock was created with the help of private donations. The interior has ceramic tile and marble and the outside of the building is decorated during the Christmas season. There was a renovation of the courthouse in 1986 that fixed the interior and involved the dome and paintings. The current governor of Iowa Terry Branstad visited the courthouse for its 100th anniversary on July 4, 2011. People have said that the courthouse is "the most beautiful county capitol in Iowa".</p><br>
<p>The Jasper County Courthouse in Rensselaer, Indiana is a building from 1898. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and is located in the Rensselaer Courthouse Square Historic District. The Jasper County Courthouse was erected in 1898 at a total cost of $141,731.94. It is located in the center of the Courthouse Square bounded by Washington, Cull en, Harrison and Van Rensselaer Streets. The Courthouse Square, itself, is defined by a retaining wall of concrete, about 18" high and a foot wide. There are steps leading from the street to the walks leading to all four entrances to the building.</p><br>
<p>The building stands on a bedrock. The building has four floors for a total of 348,404 ft&sup2, plus a basement and the tower. The clock tower is 120 ft high.</p><br>
<p>The building is faced Bedford limestone, and features medieval elements. Entrances on the north and south sides are framed in two-story Tudor arches supported on clusters of columns. Flanking these entrances are three-story round towers. Centered over the entrance is a wall dormer, which is surmounted by the clock tower. The clock tower also has a wall dormer on each face of its pyramidal roof.</p><br>
<p>On either side of the entrances and towers are five double-hung windows on each floor, with wall dormers over two bays. The corners have narrow, windowless turrets. The entrance bay, dormer, and flanking towers project from the building.</p><br>
<p>The stone masonry support walls have arches between rooms. Each of the first three floors above the basement have terrazzo floors, marble wainscoting and oak woodwork, and the stairs have marble treads. The plaster columns in the stairwell have been decorated to look like marble. The stair rails are of hand-hammered iron with marble rails.</p><br>
<p>In 1982 an elevator was installed to serves the first three floors. The second floor features include four brass chandeliers with lead blown shades and two newel post lamps to match. The recently decorated walls are highlighted with gold paint and some gold leaf decoration. The entrance to the Auditor&#39;s Office has stained glass windows on either side and above the door.</p><br>
<p>The third floor is used entirely by the two courts. A brass chandelier with lead blown glass shades is in the foyer between the courtrooms. The courtrooms are almost identical with the original oak judicial benches with their hand carved seals of the State of Indiana on the back panel of each bench. The walls are decorated with plaster leaf swag. There are plaster columns on either side connected by plaster arches. There is decorative plasterwork around the windows. The stained glass panels, which surround the courtroom entrances, are set in carved wooden frames.</p><br>
<p>The clock tower, itself, has three floors; the first has windows, the second contains the clock, and the third the bell.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Heinzmen Brothers, Noblesville, Builders</p><br>
<p>The Jasper County Courthouse is an example of Victorian adaptation of the medieval forms of architecture. Several features show this, such as the free standing chimneys, the high pitched roof, the gabled dormers, the turrets, and the painted plaster columns in the hallways.</p><br>
<p>The first architect employed for this building was Alfred Grind!e, who later associated himself with Charles R. Weatherhogg, of Fort Wayne, Indiana. Before the building was completed, Mr. Grindle dropped out and Mr. Weatherhogg completed the architectural part of the work.</p><br>
<p>JCC Courthouse Chimneys P2130022.jpgFree Standing Chimneys of the Jasper County, Indiana Courthouse</p><br>
<p>JCC Courthouse Main entrance P2130078.jpgMain Entrance of the Jasper County, Indiana Courthouse</p><br>
<p>JCC Courthouse P2130082.jpgJasper County, Indiana Courthouse</p><br>
<p>The Barnes-Frost House is a historic house at 1177 Marion Avenue in the Marion section of Southington, Connecticut. Built about 1795, it is a high quality local example of late Colonial architecture, with a history of ownership by members of prominent local families. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Barnes-Frost House is located on the west side of Marion Avenue, north of its junction with Old Mountain Road (Connecticut Route 322). It is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a clapboarded exterior, side gable roof, large central chimney, and a centered entrance. The entrance is flanked by pilasters and topped by a frieze with a band of molded ellipses. This detail is repeated on the window lintels and in a frieze band below the roof line. The chimney is not original to the house, but is an 18th-century structure recovered from a house in Cheshire. The interior retains some original features, notably wide pine floors.</p><br>
<p>Built c. 1796, the house is significant in part because it is a well-preserved example of Colonial architecture, and also because it was home of the locally prominent Barnes and Frost families. Philo Barnes, son of the locally prominent tavernkeeper Asa Barnes and a major local landowner in his own right, purchased the house in 1810, and it was occupied by three generations of Barneses. In 1881 it was purchased by Levi Frost, also from a prominent local family that owned a local factory. The house remained in the Frost family until 1916.</p><br>
<p>Barlow Island is a small ice-free island off the north coast of Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica extending 380 by, surface area 5.28 hectare.</p><br>
<p>The features name, presumably honouring the British physicist and mathematician Peter Barlow (1776–1862), derives from the name Cape Barlow&#39; originally applied in 1829 by the British naval expedition under Captain Henry Foster to some point on the east side of Smith Island.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The island is located at 62&deg;52&prime;04.5&Prime;S latitude, 62&deg;20&prime;24.2&Prime;W longitude which is 2.14 km west-northwest of Cape Smith, 2.42 km north-northeast of Matochina Peak, 2.48 km northeast of Delyan Point and 11.33 km northeast of Gregory Point (British mapping in 1957, Chilean in 1962, Argentine in 1991, and Bulgarian in 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Window Island is a small ice-free island off the north coast of Ray Promontory in the northwest of Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The island has a surface area of 23 hectare and rises to 72 m. It was known to the early 19th century sealers operating on Byers Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The feature was charted and descriptively named by Captain George Powell in the British sealing vessel Dove which visited the South Shetlands in 1820-22.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Window Island is located at 62&deg;33&prime;55.5&Prime;S latitude, 61&deg;07&prime;25.3&Prime;W longitude which is 3.32 km east-northeast of Essex Point, 1.79 km northeast of Voyteh Point, 9.16 km northwest of Nedelya Point and 20.9 km southwest of Cape Shirreff (British mapping in 1822 and 1968, Chilean in 1971, Spanish in 1861 and 1992, and Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<p>The Charles Wintzer Building is a historic brick commercial building in downtown Wapakoneta, Ohio, United States. Built in 1872 at the intersection of Auglaize and Blackhoof Streets, it has always been primarily an industrial building. It was declared a historic site in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Wintzer corporation</h2><br>
<p>One of the area&#39;s first pioneers, Charles Wintzer, founded a tannery in 1848. Concentrating on the manufacture of leather products, the Charles Wintzer Tanning Company expanded through the purchase of a similar local company in 1862, and it was incorporated in 1898. By 1905, its annual output was 2,500 sides of leather; however, in that year, the company made a fundamental change in its business model. Instead of operating as a tannery, the firm moved to retailing hides to other tanneries and buying and selling various byproducts of animal processing. Nevertheless, it remained in the Wintzer family; it was re-incorporated as G.A. Wintzer & Son in 1920. As the company expanded into other animal products during and after the 1920s, it built factories outside of Wapakoneta, but it continued to use the old tannery at Auglaize and Blackhoof for manufacturing and as its corporate headquarters.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1872, the Wintzer Building was originally the company&#39;s primary tannery. As well as serving as an industrial facility, it was also built as a home; the Wintzers operated their business on the first story and lived on the second story. Its architecture is that of warehouses along the Miami and Erie Canal; although the Wintzers were Germans and built their home-and-office building in a German style, it includes distinct Italianate elements. Although the building had been converted into factory and corporate office space by the late 1970s, this was a relatively recent transition; the second floor remained a residence until at least 1969.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>On July 8, 2010, the Charles Wintzer Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, primarily because of its well-preserved historic architecture. In nominating the building for inclusion on the Register, the Ohio Historical Society concentrated on its place as an example of late nineteenth-century German architecture and on its combination of residential and industrial space under the same roof. Also important to this designation was its connection with G.A. Wintzer & Son, which still owns the building; as the oldest locally-owned business operating in Auglaize County, the Wintzer Company is significant in local history. As the building has been constantly used as a factory by six generations of Wintzers, it is of significant importance in the history of Wapakoneta and the surrounding area.</p><br>
<p>The City Hall of University City, Missouri, the seat of municipal government for University City, Missouri, was built in 1903 as the "Women&#39;s Magazine Building", the headquarters of a magazine publishing company, and became a city hall in 1930. The building is part of the University City Plaza, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 7, 1975.</p><br>
<p>The octagonal, five-story brick-and-limestone building was built in a rococo style with a dome roof. It was designed by Herbert C. Chivers (1869–1946), a local architect who had helped draft plans for St. Louis&#39; Union Station. Its landscaping was done in 1907 by landscape architect George E. Kessler.</p><br>
<p>For the 1904 St. Louis Worlds Fair, the worlds largest carbon arc searchlight was installed atop the dome, 135 feet above street level. An eight-ton, 80-inch light built by General Electric in 1903, the searchlight developed at least 1 billion candlepower. It was first illuminated on April 30, 1904, opening night of the World&#39;s Fair.</p><br>
<p>Among the architectural details that have been removed from the building are terra cotta cherubs along its roof line and a tunnel connecting it to the much larger Egyptian Building, now destroyed.</p><br>
<p>It was built by magazine publisher and businessman Edward Gardner Lewis, a native of Connecticut who came to St. Louis, Missouri, in the late 1890s, selling insect extermination products and medicines that were said to be highly questionable. He bought a magazine called "Winner," based in downtown St. Louis, which he renamed "Womans Magazine" and quickly built its circulation to the largest in the country, amassing a fortune in the process. In 1902, Lewis purchased 85 acres (344,000 m²) several miles west of downtown St. Louis. The tract, located near the construction site of the Worlds Fair, would become the nucleus for the streetcar suburb of University City.</p><br>
<p>In 1903, with his publishing operation outgrowing its downtown location, Lewis began the construction of a new Lewis Publishing Company headquarters and Press Annex at this site. After incorporating University City in 1906, he served three terms as mayor. During this time, he built the Womans Magazine Building, an Egyptian temple and an Art Academy. But Lewis financial empire in Missouri collapsed amid charges of mail fraud, bankruptcy, and litigation, and by 1915, he had moved his base of operations to Atascadero, California. Lewis declared bankruptcy a second time in 1924.</p><br>
<p>The Magazine Building was dedicated as the new city hall on November 1, 1930.</p><br>
<p>The Rosedale Gardens Historic District  is a historic district located on eight streets, from Arden Street to Hubbard Street, between Plymouth Road and West Chicago Street in Livonia, Michigan. The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rosedale Gardens was platted by the Shelden Land Company in the 1920s. The company modeled the development on Rosedale Park in Detroit. The first house in Rosedale Gardens was the Harsha house, built in 1925; the house was occupied in January 1926. These houses were wood structures.</p><br>
<p>When the Great Depression hit, construction stopped for a time; the developer bricked over existing homes, and continued with brick construction when building resumed later in the 1930s. About 250 homes were built in 1935-41, until World War II again intervened. Another housing boom occurred after the war, and by 1948 the original part of Rosedale Gardens contained 428 houses. Additional lots were platted, and homes built, through into the 1960s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Rosedale Gardens Historic District is a residential neighborhood, encompassing approximately 1/4 square miles, containing about 570 houses, primarily from between 1925 and 1960. Houses are located along eight parallel streets running north-south. The streets are narrow and without curves, and lined with a collection of mature trees. Lots lining the streets are 40 feet wide and run 120 to 145 feet deep, and houses tend to be relatively modest in size, typically in the range of 1000 to 2000 square feet and one or two stories.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is distinctive because, unlike nearly all of the surrounding neighborhoods, pre-World War II houses predominate, with 428 of the 570 total built before the war. Many of the oldest houses are wooden, although brick-faced houses predominate in the neighborhood. Architectural styles are typically Colonials and English cottages, with some newer ranch houses intermingled.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul’s Episcopal Church is a parish church in the Diocese of Iowa. The church is located in Harlan, Iowa, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Episcopal Church was organized in Harlan in 1881. Regular services, however, were not held until 1896, the year the parish was founded. The congregation held services in a rented room on the east side of the courthouse square until this church was opened in 1900. The Shingle style building was designed by the Des Moines architectural firm of Proudfoot & Bird. In 1950 the basement of the church was excavated. The church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Pauls Church follows a cross-shaped plan that measures 65 by. It is eclectic in style in that it combines the Shingle Style and Gothic Revival decorative elements that are expressed through different types of materials. The lowest level of the exterior is brick, above which are narrow clapboards up to the imposts of the lancet windows, and shingling above that to the eaves. Shingling is also found on the main facade. The structure is capped by a busy roofscape. The main roof is a high-pitched gable that features small triangular dormers. The transepts have hip roofs, and they too have small dormers. The narthexs gable roof sits at a right angle to the main roof. There is another hipped roof over the central bay of the narthex that houses the baptistery.</p><br>
<p>Rising above the main roof is a short, square, central tower. Although clad in shingles, it suggests the Richardsonian Romanesque style and appears out of scale to the rest of the building. The tower features pinnacles on its corners and it culminates in a high-peaked roof with a finial on top. There are also finials on several other roof and dormer peaks.</p><br>
<p>Lancet windows are located in the nave and transepts. There are trefoil windows in the dormers. A large, recessed rose window is located on the front facade of the nave, and a triptych window located on the opposite end of the church over the altar. Entrances into the church are located in three of the four corners. They, like the windows, employ the pointed arch, and are recessed below bargeboards.</p><br>
<p>The interior features an oak hammerbeam ceiling, plaster walls, and wainscoting. The pointed arch predominates throughout.</p><br>
<p>The Miners Foundry , Miners Foundry and Supply Company; currently Miners Foundry Cultural Center) is located at 325 Spring Street, Nevada City, California, USA. Built in Nevada County in 1856, it is a California Historical Landmark as, in 1879, the foundry became the first manufacturing site of the Pelton wheel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Edward Coker started up the Nevada Iron Foundry and Machine Shop in 1855. The ironworks foundry and blacksmith shop was situated in a rented building on Spring Street behind the National Exchange Hotel. The Nevada Foundry was built to serve the needs of loggers and California Gold Rush miners who were working mines in the Sierra Nevada foothills. Nevada City&#39;s fire of July 1856 destroyed the small foundry operated by Coker. Afterwards, he acquired a new site on the corner of Bridge and Spring streets and began construction on a new building, constructed of native timber and stone. In 1857, the Nevada Foundry had built its first entire steam engine. But before the new building was completed, Coker lost interest in the business and sold the machinery to David Thom, Thomas J. Williams and J. Jones. By 1859, Jones was no longer associated with the business, and Williams had sold out to William Heugh, leaving William Heugh and David Thom as proprietors of the Nevada Iron and Brass Foundry and Machine Shop. In 1866, they employed approximately 22 men. In the following year, the largest casting made at their foundry was the mortar of a quartz mill weighing 5,600 pounds, and thought to be the heaviest mortar in the state of California.</p><br>
<p>Heugh died in 1867 and his business interests were acquired by George Grant Allan who became a partner of David Thom, though Allan&#39;s ownership was not established until 1871. Their foundry fabricated mining equipment, stamp mills, and mining tools. By 1868, it employed approximately 150 men. There were machine shops and boiler works. The works, driven by a 60 horse power steam engine, consumed 1800 tons of pig iron, 300 tons of wrought iron, and 700 tons of coal. In one month of 1872, the North Bloomfield Mining and Gravel Company made a $30,000 purchase.</p><br>
<h3>Pelton wheel</h3><br>
<p>In 1876, Allan bought out Thom and changed the business name to George Allans Foundry and Machine Works. It was during Allans ownership of the foundry that Lester Allan Pelton of Camptonville invented a new type of water wheel in the late 1880s. He brought it to Allans foundry, where he and Allan tested it before manufacturing the first Pelton wheel. When the foundry could not keep up with Pelton wheel orders, production for the Pelton wheel was moved to San Francisco, though limited production of it continued at Allans foundry. In 1892, Allan brought his son, Albert D. Allan, into the business as his partner and the younger Allan became the successor sole proprietor.</p><br>
<p>William H. Martin also owned a foundry higher up on Spring Street, at Bennett Street. In 1906, W.H. Martin, W.R. Martin, Miss May C. Martin, B.J. Hall, and J.G. ONeill incorporated the Miners Foundry Co. W.H. Martin purchased Allans Foundry from the estate in 1907 and renamed it Miners Foundry and Supply Co. He was the sole proprietor until 1921 when, in that year, he transferred ownership to his son-in-law, Richard Goyne. Under Goyne, times changed and the foundry began fabricated steel. It built mining tools, equipment, and vehicles, such as the side-dump ore car, ball mill, and scoop feed. It also built non-mining commercial vehicles. In 1947, it diversified. A new division began selling welding supplies, legging supplies, rubber products, and Bethlehem Steel wire rope while another division began producing a centrifugal juicer</p><br>
<p>Ray Amick owned the foundry from 1965 until 1974 when manufacturing in the foundry ended.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark</h2><br>
<p>For over 110 years, the building was continuously used as a foundry. A California Historical Landmark plaque, No. 1012, and dated May 11, 1994, was added to the site in honor of the Pelton wheel&#39;s history associated with the foundry. In 1986, the Nevada City Constitutional Commission and E Clampus Vitus added another marker.</p><br>
<p>On July 29, 2011, rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers played an invitation-only show at the Miners Foundry Cultural Center.</p><br>
<p>The Nevada City Winery, the first bonded winery to open in Nevada County following Prohibition in the United States, is located in the Miners Foundry Garage.</p><br>
<p>Gypsum Cave is a cave located east of Las Vegas. It was first documented by Mark Raymond Harrington in a 1930 edition of Scientific American. Up until about 11,000 BC , Gypsum Cave was inhabited by the Shasta ground sloth.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Human habitation of the cave dates to around 3000 BC. Harrington provided the first documentation of the contents of the cave following excavation in 1930-1931. Excavators also found the dung, backbone, claws and reddish-brown hair of the now-extinct ground sloth. Through radiocarbon dating, it was found that the sloth remains date back to 11,000 BC and earlier. The dung has given information about what the environment and vegetation of the area was because the sloth was a herbivore. This ancient plant eater survived on capers, mustards, grasses, agave, yucca, phacelia, borages, mints, grape, globemallow, saltbushes and ephedra. Most of these are still found in the area today, but the agave, yucca and grapes are only found at elevations 800 m and more higher, and close to water in the case of grapes. However, during the ice age, the climate was cooler and wetter. The geology of the area shows that the closest likely water supply was between 6 - away.</p><br>
<p>St Botolph without Aldgate was an ancient parish in the metropolitan area of London. The parish was partly within the City of London and partly in the County of Middlesex. Each part operated as a separate parish for civil administration with its own local government, but it was a single parish for ecclesiastical purposes. The part in Middlesex was sometimes known as East Smithfield. It was a heavily built-upon parish with a high population density.</p><br>
<h2>Within the City</h2><br>
<p>The section of the parish in the City of London was in the Portsoken ward.</p><br>
<p>Following the enactment of the London Government Act 1899, the part of the parish of Whitechapel that was within the City of London was transferred to St Botolph without Aldgate in 1900.</p><br>
<p>The City of London section of the parish was abolished in 1907 when the City of London civil parish was created.</p><br>
<h2>Outside the City</h2><br>
<p>Civil parish administration was in the hands of the vestry until 1855 when the parish was grouped into the Whitechapel District and the parish elected six members to Whitechapel District Board of Works. The parish was transferred from the County of Middlesex to the County of London in 1889.</p><br>
<p>In 1895 it absorbed the civil parishes of St Katherine by the Tower and Old Tower Without. In 1901 it absorbed the civil parish of the Tower of London.</p><br>
<p>It became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney in 1900 and the local authority became Stepney Borough Council. The civil parish then had only nominal existence until 1921 when it was abolished.</p><br>
<p>Meade Islands is a group of two large islands, Zverino Island and Cave Island, the minor Pisanitsa Island, and several rocks lying in the north entrance to McFarlane Strait, off Archar Peninsula, Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The surface areas of the first two islands are 48 hectare and 18 hectare. respectively. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.</p><br>
<p>The islands were charted in 1935 by Discovery Investigations and named after C.M. Meade, Cartographer-in-charge in the Admiralty Hydrographic Office at that time.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The midpoint of the group is located at 62&deg;27&prime;04.4&Prime;S latitude, 60&deg;04&prime;03&Prime;W longitude which is 1.98 km west of Duff Point, Greenwich Island, 3.73 km north of Pomorie Point, 3.5 km east of Williams Point, 4 km southeast of Zed Islands and 3.9 km south-southeast of Pyramid Island (British mapping in 1935 and 1968, Chilean in 1971, Argentine in 1980, Spanish in 1991, and Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<p>The River Robe  is a river in County Mayo, Ireland.</p><br>
<p>It rises near Ballyhaunis, then flows generally west for 64 km, where it drains into Lough Mask.</p><br>
<p>The river&#39;s name in Irish is An Róba, first recorded as Rodba in medieval manuscripts.</p><br>
<p>The river is the longest tributary of Lough Mask and it drains 320 square kilometres of south Mayo.</p><br>
<p>The total length of the river Robe&#39;s journey from its source near Ballyhaunis to Galway Bay (via Lough Mask, Cong canal and river, Lough Corrib and River Corrib) is 72 miles.</p><br>
<p>The Robe&#39;s Environmental Protection Agency River ID is 30_1579.</p><br>
<h2>Course of the river</h2><br>
<p>The Robe rises about three miles south-west of Ballyhaunis and follows a meandering path southwest through the townland of Keebagh and Brickens village. It turns gently to the west between Tootagh and Garryduff and continues west between Claremorris and Ballindine It meanders in serpentine coils beside the R331 road, passing, from where it begins its southwesterly descent to Hollymount. From there, the river winds in broad loops before descending southwestwards into Ballinrobe. The Robe empties into Lough Mask, four kilometres west of Ballinrobe, near Cushlough.</p><br>
<p>The Fountain Hotel is a historic former hotel in downtown St. Marys, Ohio, United States. Built in 1889 in a mixture of the Queen Anne and Victorian architectural styles, the hotel building sits in the 100 block of West Spring Street.</p><br>
<p>Also known as the "Fort Barbee Hotel," On the first story, the facade is divided into multiple storefronts, but the rest of the hotel has been converted into housing for low-income individuals aged fifty-five or older. Conversion to its present format was carried out by the Muskingum Development Corporation in the 1990s, at a cost of $2 million to $3 million; aid was provided by the Minster State Bank, which offered reduced interest rates to the redevelopers.</p><br>
<p>Surrounding the Fountain Hotel are several other important community locations, such as the municipal building, the Buckeye Trail route along the Miami and Erie Canal, and a community park. Adjacent to the hotel is a small spring; once tapped to provide water for Fort St. Marys, which once occupied the location of the citys downtown, the spring was later converted into a fountain that became the hotels namesake.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the Fountain Hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Key to this designation was its place in local history and commerce, as it once played the role of a hotel, specialty store, and restaurant. Two other properties in St. Marys are listed on the Register: the Dr. Issac Elmer Williams House and Office, built in 1903, and the former Holy Rosary Catholic Church, which was destroyed one year before it was placed on the Register.</p><br>
<p>The Haste-Crumpacker House, in Valparaiso, Indiana, was built in 1887.</p><br>
<p>According to the National Park Service:</p><br>
<p>The Haste-Crumpacker House is a locally outstanding example of Late Victorian Eclectic architecture. The style and methods of construction reflect an era of prosperity for the city of Valparaiso as well as the advancement in construction technologies. Built for George Haste in 1887, the elegant home was described in local newspapers of the time as an “elegant residence” and a “substantial improvement to Valparaiso,” reflecting the social importance and economic prosperity that much of Indiana experienced in the decades following the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>It&#39;s one of 17 individual properties nominated for the National Register by Partners in Preservation.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on June 24, 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Districts and Structures</h2><br>
<p>Conrad and Catherine Bloch House</p><br>
<p>Haste-Crumpacker House</p><br>
<p>DeForest Skinner House Built in 1860, it is of Italianate design.</p><br>
<p>Heritage Hall Built in 1875 as Flint Hall, to day, it is part of the Law School.</p><br>
<p>Immanuel Lutheran Church In 1862by a German congregation, the church is today known as Heritage Lutheran Church.</p><br>
<p>Dr. David J. Loring Residence and Clinic Built in 1906, this house served Dr. Loring as a home and a business.</p><br>
<p>William McCallum House</p><br>
<p>Charles S. and Mary McGill House</p><br>
<p>Porter County Jail and Sheriff&#39;s House The residence was built in 1860 and the jail was added in 1871. Today, the Historical Society of Porter County has the County Museum in the Jail.</p><br>
<p>Porter County Memorial Opera Hall The Memorial Opera House opened in 1893 as a monument to the men who served during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>David Garland Rose House</p><br>
<p>DeForest Skinner House Built in 1860, it is of Italianate design.</p><br>
<p>Valparaiso Downtown Commercial District</p><br>
<p>Josephus Wolf House, outside of city limits, with Valparaiso address.</p><br>
<p>The John H. Nichols House is a historic house in downtown Wapakoneta, Ohio, United States. Built in 1865,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>One of Wapakonetas earliest physicians, John H. Nichols designed his two-story, seventeen-room house in the plan of a cross, patterning it after a house in Virginia with which he was familiar. The houses brick walls rest on a foundation of limestone and are covered with a tin roof, and elements of wood and limestone are prominent on the exterior. Inside, walnut wood is dominant, including on the houses massive central fireplace. Among the original windowpanes is one on which several of Nichols children incised their names.</p><br>
<p>Built by Thomas and William Nichols, the owners brothers, the Nichols House soon became the core of Wapakonetas oldest major residential section. Six other large brick houses were built immediately west of the city center between 1865 and 1875. Like the Nichols House, these structures were erected for prominent members of Wapakoneta society, including its social and political leaders. Since the Nichols family, the house has changed hands very rarely; it had only four owners in its first century. By the late 1970s, it had been purchased by a photographer, who used it for both home and studio. To expand its uses for photography purposes, the house has been slightly modified by the addition of a brick patio and a white picket fence.</p><br>
<p>In recognition of its high quality of preservation, the Nichols House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, because of the significance of its architecture in local history. Today, the house is home to the law office of Jauert & Burton, before which it had been office space for the Ron Spencer Real Estate Agency.</p><br>
<p>The Sibley Historic Site is the site of Henry Hastings Sibleys home, who was the regional manager of the American Fur Company and Minnesotas first governor. It is one of the 26 historical sites that are operated by the Minnesota Historical Society. Located in what is now the city of Mendota, the site consists of four limestone buildings and a large lawn area. Three of the buildings are open for touring, including a fur company cold store from 1843 and the 1840 home of fur trader and hotelier Jean-Baptiste Faribault.</p><br>
<h2>The Sibley House</h2><br>
<p>The Sibley House, considered the oldest private residence in Minnesota, was built between 1835 and 1836 by a team of over 100 white and Dakota laborers, directed by John Mueller. It was made of limestone blocks cut from a nearby quarry. Sibley lived here as a bachelor for eight years, until his marriage to Sarah Jane Steele. After his marriage, Sibley turned the business office into a parlor, and an addition was built for a kitchen, dining room, two more rooms on the second floor, and an office on the east side. It was in this office that plans were drawn up for the Minnesota Territory, and it became the temporary territorial headquarters in May 1840, when Governor Alexander Ramsey was a guest of Sibley.</p><br>
<p>When General Sibley moved to St. Paul in 1862, he sold his home to St. Peter&#39;s Catholic Parish. The Catholic Sisters used the home for a school and convent from 1867 to 1878, adding a belfry on the roof and remodeling the interior.</p><br>
<p>For the next few decades, the house was leased to different parties, including the artist Burt Harwood, as a studio and art school during the summers of 1897-1899. The house was then used briefly as a storehouse, but was soon abandoned and became a lodging place for railroad transients. These new tenants tore up the floorboards and staircases for firewood, and the house fell into ruin.</p><br>
<p>On April 19, 1910, the house was rescued from ruin by a joint effort from the St. Paul chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), Mrs. Lucy Shepard McCourt, and Archbishop John Ireland of St. Peter&#39;s Parish. The house was restored by DAR chapters throughout the state, and was opened to the public on June 14, 1910.</p><br>
<p>In May 1997 the DAR turned the ownership of the Sibley Historic Site to State of Minnesota and the management to the Minnesota Historical Society. As of 2015, the historic is operated in partnership with the Dakota County Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>The Faribault House</h2><br>
<p>Adjoining the Sibley estate is the site of the historic home of Jean Baptiste Faribault, built in 1839. This Colonial house is built of local yellow sandstone with a red sandstone front. Faribault left the house after the death of his wife in 1847, and his grandson George Faribault conducted a hotel in the historic house. River travelers, priests, teachers, explorers, and government representatives all made stays at the inn.</p><br>
<p>The house was sold and rented to various private parties, and eventually fell into disrepair. By the 1880s, Mendota had ceased to be a center of activity and became instead a quiet village. Eventually, the Faribault house was seen as having sufficient historic value to receive government aid in its restoration. In 1934, the State Highway Department began the restoration of the Faribault House through a Public Works Administration project. In 1935, the partially restored home was turned over to the DAR, who completed the restoration. The house and grounds were opened to the public on May 5, 1937.</p><br>
<h2>The Dupuis House</h2><br>
<p>On the southeast corner of the historic site is the Dupuis House, built in 1854 for fur trader Hypolite Dupuis, who also served as private secretary to General Sibley for many years. This house is built of brick from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In 1869 the house was sold to Tim Fee and remained in the Fee family until it was purchased by the Minnesota DAR in 1924.</p><br>
<p>In 1928 the house was remodeled to serve as a tea house. A verandah was built on the east side overlooking an old fashioned garden; and later a large, glass-enclosed porch was added to the west side. The Sibley Tea House became one of Minnesota&#39;s most popular tea houses and thousands of guests visited each season until it closed in the 1970s. The Dupuis House now houses the offices of the Sibley Historic Site and the Mendota Mdewakanton Dakota Tribal Community.</p><br>
<p>Four Corners at the intersection of Broad and Market Streets in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States, is the site of the city&#39;s earliest settlement and the heart of Downtown that at one time was considered the busiest intersection in the United States. A twenty-two-square-block area radiating from the crossroads is a state and federal historic district.</p><br>
<p>The crossing became the center of the town soon after establishment in 1666; the home of founder Robert Treat was located at the southwest corner. During the next centuries it remained the focal point of the city which grew around it. By 1834 the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company had established a terminal to the south and in 1869 the Newark and New York Railroad had one to the north. During the period of massive expansion at the start of the 20th century, the district became the citys modern business district, and site of its first skyscraper built by the Firemans Insurance Company at the southeast corner in 1910.</p><br>
<p>The Newark Public Service Terminal on Broad Street opened in 1916. Though faded in its former glory, the Four Corners district remains Newark&#39;s traditional center for commerce and business and since the late 2000s (decade) the focus of much interest in revitalizing retail, residential, and restaurant activity downtown.</p><br>
<h2>Broad and Market</h2><br>
<p>The names and the crossing of streets named Broad and Market is seen in many of the colonial cities in New Jersey, such as Paterson and Trenton and the United States, such as Philadelphia. In Newark, Broad Street, as the name suggests, is a wide avenue which runs north to Military Park and Broad Street Station, while to the south it passes Government Center and Symphony Hall. Market Street to the east passes Gateway Center</p><br>
<p>and Newark Penn Station, while to the west are the Essex County Courthouse and the many university campuses located in the city. It has long been a busy crossroad. In 1915, Public Service counted over 280,000 pedestrian crossings in one thirteen-hour period. Eleven years later, on October 26, 1926, a State Motor Vehicle Department check at the Four Corners counted 2,644 trolleys, 4,098 buses, 2,657 taxis, 3,474 commercial vehicles, and 23,571 automobiles. Between 1925 and 1939 a manned 24 ft traffic control tower stood at the intersection.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The historic district is one of seven in Newark. The Four Corners Historic District is roughly bounded by Raymond Boulevard, Mulberry Street, Hill, and Washington Streets and University Avenue. The district established in 1999–2000 encompasses an area of 85 acre and includes many buildings which themselves are listed on the national and state registers of historic places. The area is considered vital in the redevelopment of the city, located between city attractions, residential neighborhoods, educational and commercial institutions. In 2010, in order to promote the restoration of facades in the district the city has implemented stricter signage policy for any renovations.</p><br>
<p>The northwest quadrant of the district has been home to Prudential Headquarters since its founding. Three buildings built by the finance company, including the Gibraltar Building on Halsey Street, are found there, as is the original flagship store of the department store Bamberger&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>The city&#39;s two tallest buildings, the neoclassical National Newark and Art Deco Eleven 80, are found in the northeast quadrant near the abutting historic district of Military Park.</p><br>
<p>The southeast quadrant is home to the Kinney Building, Old First Presbyterian Church, the First National State Bank Building, the Newark and New York Railroad terminal, and Newark City Hall at Government Center. The Prudential Center borders this section at Mulberry Street. A new hotel and retail complex at Broad and Lafayette Streets is also planned. Several buildings in the southeast quadrant have been renovated for residential spaces</p><br>
<h2>Teachers Village</h2><br>
<p>In the southwest quadrant of the district some buildings, though more than 100 years old, are considered expendable in the greater development planning. To that end the demolition and replacement of some will lead to the creation of retail corridor between the Prudential Center and University Heights along Halsey Street.</p><br>
<p>The four-block-long project will be designed by native son Richard Meier and called Teachers Village.</p><br>
<p>Goldman Sachs committed $100 million to the project.</p><br>
<h2>Four Corners Millennium Project</h2><br>
<p>In December 2012, the city council approved plans for further renovations in the district which would extend the neighborhood to Market Street that would rehabilitate former commercial buildings to residential and retail spaces. A similar proposal has been made for the former Newark Paramount movie palace. In January 2014, the Four Corners Millennium Project was awarded $52 million in New Jersey State Economic Development grants.</p><br>
<p>The Le Grand Bridge was built in 1914-1915. It is a concrete girder bridge that is one of the early examples of work of that type by the Iowa State Highway Commission.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The LeGrand Bridge carried traffic over the Iowa River for more than fifty years. The bridge is a multiple-span reinforced concrete girder construction. This type of bridge construction was typical in Marshall County, Iowa since the Brockway Act of 1913. Marshall county supervisors contracted with Des Moines-based Capital City Construction Company to build the bridge, which was completed early in 1915. The county later rechanneled the river and rerouted the road. The LeGrand Bridge now stands abandoned over a backwater of the river.</p><br>
<p>Cecilia Island is the ice-free southernmost island of the Aitcho group on the west side of English Strait in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Extending 910 by, surface area 36 hectare. The area, visited by American and English sealers in the early 19th century, nowadays has become a popular tourist site frequented by Antarctic cruise ships.</p><br>
<p>The features name derives from Cecilias Straits&#39; applied to English Strait by Captain John Davis after the shallop Cecilia, tender to his ship Huron that visited the South Shetlands in 1820-22. It was from the Cecilia that the first landing on the Antarctic mainland was made at Hughes Bay on 7 February 1921.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The midpoint is located at 62&deg;24&prime;46.2&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;43&prime;42.6&Prime;W longitude and the island is lying 3.07 km north of Spark Point, Greenwich Island, 2.07 km east-northeast of Dee Island, 280 m southeast of Barrientos Island, 3.39 km southwest of Debelyanov Point, Robert Island and 4.83 km west of Negra Point, Robert Island (Chilean mapping in 1961, British in 1968, Argentine in 1980, and Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<p>Trinity Memorial Episcopal Church is a former parish church in the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa. The historic building is located in Mapleton, Iowa, United States. The church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. The former church building and hall now house the Museum of American History.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was established in the mid 1880s. The church building was built as a memorial to Flora E. (Giddings) Whiting by her husband C.I. Whiting, a local banker. It was designed by Edward S. Hammatt from Davenport, Iowa. Trinity Memorial was one of at least seven churches he designed in the Diocese of Iowa. In addition, he also designed Kemper Hall, an Episcopal school for boys, and St. Katherine’s Hall, a school for girls, both of which were located in Davenport. Albert and Edmund Jenkinson Contractors of Sioux City, Iowa built the building. The cornerstone was laid on May 28, 1896 by Bishop William Stevens Perry with assistance of the Quarry Lodge No. 404 A.F. & A.M. of Mapleton. The church was consecrated on September 20, 1896. It cost approximately $15,000 to build the church and it was deeded to the Trustees of the Diocese of Iowa the year it was built debt free.</p><br>
<p>The stain glass windows were donated by St. Thomas Episcopal Church in Sioux City. They had been removed from their former church before it was torn down in 1892. A rectory, which is now a private home, had been built at the same time as the church. The Rev. William Frost was the parish’s first resident priest to live in the house. The Guild Hall was built in 1926.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Vine Victor Deloria, first priest of Native American heritage to serve in the Diocese of Iowa, was priest-in-charge at Trinity Memorial, Trinity in Denison, and St. Johns in Vail from 1951 to 1953. After working in Washington, DC he returned to the diocese to serve as vicar at St. Pauls in Durant from 1959-1960 after which he left the diocese.</p><br>
<p>The funeral of Charles G. Whiting, son of C.I. and Flora Whiting, was the last liturgy celebrated in the church in 1984. Services to deconsecrate the church were held in 1988. The church building and hall were purchased that same year by Keith Robinson for the museum. His collection of political Americana provided the nucleus of the museum’s collection, and remains its primary exhibit. The museum also has artifacts of local interest that appear in the context of significant national events.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church building is basically rectangular in shape, and measures 63 by. It was designed in a combination of the Gothic Revival and Romanesque Revival styles. The Gothic is found in the polychrome finish of the brick and stone, the pointed arch windows and doors, the wall buttresses, the battlements on top the corner tower, and the steeply pitched roof with steep cross gables. The Romanesque is found in the short bell tower, the broad roof plane, the rusticated stone on the foundation, the entryway, and the quoins on the corners. The main facade on the west side is dominated by a large stained glass window that is flanked by two smaller windows. In the gable peak is a trefoil window below a large stone cross. A small narthex is located at the main entryway in the tower. The sandstone pillars of the portico are connected by a sandstone arch. Wrought iron grill work is located in the arch. Trefoils are cut into the sandstone railings. Medium-sized windows dominate both side elevations. The small extension on the north elevation was designed to house a pipe organ that was never installed. The sacristy was in the extension on the south elevation. The rounded apse on the east side of the building has four windows and is where the altar was located on the inside. A small cross tops the gable on the east side of the church above the apse.</p><br>
<p>St. George&#39;s Episcopal Church is an historic Episcopal Church building located in Le Mars, Iowa, United States. Designed in the Carpenter Gothic style of architecture, it was erected in 1881. It is one of the few</p><br>
<p>remnants of the English era in Le Mars&#39; early history. The church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After Fred and William Close of England opened a land sales office in LeMars in 1879, they began to plan an English colony. Men from England were sent to the Le Mars area to study farming in the late 19th century. Over the years over 1,000 people would settle here as a part of this program. Some were the sons of established upper-class English families who returned home after they learned farm management techniques. Grace Mission was established in order to serve their spiritual needs. Its first building was located at Fifth and Hubbard Streets, now First Street SW and Fifth Avenue SW. They later moved to the Apollo Hall.</p><br>
<p>The congregation reorganized itself as St. George’s Church on October 4, 1881. The present church building was completed the same year for about $3,200.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church building is built over a limestone foundation, and utilizes a unique board and batten border just below the horizontal clapboard. There are narrow hoods over the Gothic arched windows. The double-hung windows feature various designs of colored glass. The windows on the south side contain unique cut glass. The lancet arch over each window is pressed glass. There is an entrance tower on the main façade. It was originally capped by a small spire, but it was removed around the turn of the 20th-century and the roof gable was extended to cover the tower. The wooden exterior steps feature railings that were reproduced in the early 1990s to mimic the early banisters. The pews on the inside are original to the church. The altar is similar in appearance to the original and the pulpit dates from 1892.</p><br>
<p>St. Matthew’s by the Bridge Episcopal Church is a parish church in the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa. The church is located in Iowa Falls, Iowa, United States, at the junction of Oak and Railroad Streets. The parish was established in 1886, and the church building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church was designed by Robert Layton who was an industrial arts teacher in Iowa Falls. He was born in England and when he visited his home country in 1912 he made sketches of several village churches. From these sketches he drew up the plans for St. Matthew’s. Louis and Ernie Weldon, two of his students, assisted with making the blueprints.</p><br>
<p>The building is located along the Iowa River. It is a wood frame structure that is rectangular in shape and measures 24 by 60 feet. The exterior is covered with stucco and the gable ends give a simple simulated half-timbered effect.</p><br>
<p>The interior remains basically unchanged since it was first built. The altar is along the east wall of the sanctuary. The aisle is left of center with the pews along the north wall. The structural system on the inside consists of King posts, Queen posts, collar beams and struts which enhance the vertical character of the space.</p><br>
<p>St. Stephen&#39;s Episcopal Church is an historic Carpenter Gothic style Episcopal Church church building located at 223 East 4th Street, North in Newton, Jasper County, Iowa, USA. Completed in 1881, it was built by the contractor David S. Strover and master carpenter Joe Stevens. On September 22, 1977, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is still a parish church in the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish was formed on December 1, 1867, by the Rev. W. T. Currie from St. Pauls Church in Durant. Prior to this, worship services were held occasionally in the Jasper County Courthouse. Some of the services were conducted by Iowas first bishop, Henry Washington Lee, who encouraged the mission work in Newton.</p><br>
<p>Property for the church was bought by Thomas Arthur. David S. Stover designed the church and Joseph Stevens was responsible for construction, which began in 1871. The church was completed in 1874, with the exception of the bell tower. The first liturgy was celebrated in the church on April 19, 1874. The building is Carpenter Gothic in design. The stained glass windows are a combination of English, Victorian and Arts-and-Crafts. It is the oldest church in continual use for worship in both Newton and Jasper County.</p><br>
<p>Just when the first Protestant Episcopal services were held here is difficult to say. Angus K. Campbell, who came to Newton in 1858, years later remembered that the lawyer David Lewis Clark (1823–1903) "once a month read the service of the Episcopal church to the faithful of that name" in the 1857-58 Jasper County court house, that being the "one public hall". Other services were held in Union Hall, an opera house on the east side of the square built in 1865. Joseph Stevens (1837–1904) and his wife, Emma, were baptized there by Rt. Rev. Henry Washington Lee, Bishop of the Diocese of Iowa. Services were held at irregular intervals in the court house by Bishop Lee and also by Rev. X. A. Welton, of Iowa Centre. These services were before 1866.</p><br>
<p>The first known marriages in Jasper County solemnized by an Episcopal minister were those of Garrett Fitzhugh and Harriett M. Crandall and Nelson Town and Margarett E. Crandall, by Rev. Joseph Evans Ryan (1824–1903), of St. Pauls Church, Des Moines, on December 6, 1864. In January 1866, Rev. William Thomas Currie (1837–1891), principal of the Preparatory Department of Griswold College, Davenport, visited Newton under an appointment by the Board of Missions of the Iowa Diocese, as missionary on the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad. At this visit he found only one communicant of the church, Mrs. Alice Van Riper, and no service was held. In October 1867, St. Stephens Parish was organized by Rev. Currie, then rector at St. Paul&#39;s Church, Durant, and missionary of the American Church Missionary Society, who began holding regular monthly services. The first of these was held at the Congregational Church on October 27. This time the missionary found the following church communicants residing in Newton: Dr. Jabez Green, Mrs. Van Riper, Mrs. Charlotte Atwater, Mrs. Sarah Jane Miller and Mrs. Carolina Clark. After another service was held in the Congregational meeting house, the Episcopalians were invited to hold their services at the First Universalist Church.</p><br>
<p>The parish was incorporated December 1, 1868. The incorporators were Dr. Green, Merritt Buckingham Atwater, Frederick P. Miller, Simeon Van Riper, Thomas Arthur, Col. David Ryan and Robert Ryan. "The cornerstone of St Stephens Church was laid in Sept. 1871 by lay members of the congregation without any special ceremony," the Parish register says. "The cost of the church lot on Washington St was $825.00. It was purchased by Thomas Arthur for St. Stephens Parish, the deed being duly recorded." Joe Stevens, an English-born carpenter who came to Newton in 1856, and David Smith Stover (1838–1909), a contractor and builder who came to Newton from his native Ohio in 1858, built the church. It is an excellent example of the relatively unusual "carpenter Gothic" style. The beams of the church came from Iowa City and were hauled part of the way by teams and wagons.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Currie was transferred to the Diocese of Illinois in 1873 and was succeeded by Rev. J. Sanders Reed, of Des Moines, who held the first service in the new church on the second Sunday after Easter, April 19, 1874. By his advice, the Ladies Parish Aid Society was organized. Many gifts went to furnish the interior of the church, notably the organ, which was purchased by Col. Ryan, Thomas Arthur and Miss Lena Clark, at a cost of $700. It was used for the first time on Christmas Day 1874. In 1878, the parish had 30 communicants. After Rev. J. Evans Ryan came to Newton in 1880, St. Stephens was closed for a period of about ten years, except for weddings and funerals. The church was repainted during this time. In 1894, Stevens, by then a former mayor of Newton, re-shingled and repaired the church "preparatory to holding regular services".</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. Leroy Titus Weeks organized the first Boy Scout troop in Newton in 1913 and Rev. John J. H. Wilcock continued this youth work during the nearly fifteen years he served the parish.</p><br>
<p>Through the depression years services were held by Rev. Arthur Miller McLaughlin. Then St. Stephen&#39;s had no resident priest and the services for the "faithful remnant" were held by lay readers and supply priests.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Joseph Gregori was sent to Newton in 1949 to "revitalize St. Stephens or the diocese would close it". Under his leadership new members joined, the old scout house of the 1920s became a parish hall, and a full basement was completed. Additional alterations took place in 1961 when Rev. Robert L. Gilliam was in charge. In 1962, St. Stephens became an independent parish. An educational wing was completed in 1963. Mrs. William Van Note became the first woman to serve on the vestry. As the oldest church building in Newton in more or less continuous use by its congregation, St. Stephen&#39;s Church was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It was the first building in Jasper County to be so designated. This was during the record pastorate of Rev. Frederick F. Kramer, now rector emeritus. Starting in 1999, a building restoration and renovation project was undertaken, during the pastorates of Revs. William J. Ortt and Cathleen Chittenden-Bascom. Rev. John A. Thorpe has been rector of the church since 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Parish life</h2><br>
<p>Services are held each Sunday at 8 am and 10 am. Normally, the 8 am service is a quiet Holy Eucharist, Rite I, and the 10 am service is a Holy Eucharist, Rite II, with music and choir and coffee hour following. Sunday School is offered for adults and children ages 10–15 at 9 am, and for children ages 5–10 during the 10 am service. Nursery care is also available during the 10 am service. The service schedule occasionally changes for special events and seasonal feasts.</p><br>
<p>A service of Evening Prayer is offered every Wednesday, normally beginning at 5:15 pm.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. John A. Thorpe has been serving as full-time rector of the parish since 2008. He is generally acknowledged to provide the "best Eucharist in town". Previous rectors include the Rev. Cathleen Bascom (2001–2006), the Rev. William J. Ortt (1989–1999) and the Rev. Frederick F. "Fritz" Kramer (1966–1989).</p><br>
<p>Sunday attendance at St. Stephen&#39;s has fluctuated between 45 and 75 since the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>St. Stephens normally offers a concert series to the Newton community in the summer. Recent events include "Jazz in July" and "Bluegrass, Pie, and Ice Cream in the Courtyard". Artists featured include Highway Home Bluegrass band, the St. Stephens Jazz trio and other gospel and bluegrass artists and local musicians.</p><br>
<p>The parish is known for its Christmas and Easter services which feature traditional liturgies, candlelight services and musicians from both the Newton and Des Moines areas. Services have also been offered to the public on Veterans&#39; Day and other civic occasions.</p><br>
<p>St. Stephen&#39;s hosts a number of Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous and 12-step groups. The parish is active with Kids Against Hunger of Jasper County, the local Animal Rescue League, the Heifer Project and other outreach initiatives.</p><br>
<p>The Goll Homestead is a historic farm complex in far western Fulton County, Ohio, United States. Located in German Township northwest of Archbold, the farm has been declared a historic site because of its role in the region&#39;s settlement.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>Before white settlement, Fulton County was a very heavily wooded region. Although most early settlers in this Black Swamp county cleared their lands, Peter Goll, Sr. and his wife Catherine preserved significant areas of virgin woodlands on their property. After immigrating to the United States from France in 1836, the Golls first home in western Fulton County was a log cabin, approximately 3 mi east of the present farmstead. As Peter Goll, Jr. grew to adulthood, he married and established a new farmstead; building a new house, he used a distinctively European method of massive timber construction derived from the vernacular architecture of the regions earliest French and German settlers. In 1862, one day before their child was born, Peter, Jr. and his wife moved into the new white wooden house. Soon afterward, his parents also moved into the house; in order to accommodate both households, the structure was built divided into two parts, each accessible by a different front door.</p><br>
<h2>Barn</h2><br>
<p>Three years after the house was completed, the Golls erected a barn to shelter their different types of livestock: horses, dairy cows, and possibly pigs. Like the house, the barn employed distinctive construction methods; its structure was based on wooden mortise and tenon construction, with the massive beams being made from oak trees cut on the property. In later years, the barn was modified several times; one of these renovations involved the raising of the entire structure by one story to simplify the keeping of livestock.</p><br>
<h2>Public ownership</h2><br>
<p>The house and related buildings remained in the Goll family for a full century. By the 1960s, ownership had passed to a descendent named Florence Louys, who decided to sell the farmstead and woods to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR), which converted it into parkland, the Goll Woods State Nature Preserve. After the state took control of the property, the house and barn were converted for park purposes; the barn was used for storage, and park rangers lived in the house. By the 1990s, ODNR had decided to cease using the house for residential purposes, and the decision was made in the early 2000s to demolish both buildings. Some local residents reacted strongly against this proposal; by working with ODNR and the Ohio General Assembly, they were able to secure grants from the state for the property&#39;s restoration, and renovation efforts began in both the barn and the house.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the Goll Homestead, comprising four buildings spread out over an area of 2.3 acre, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It qualified for inclusion both because of its place in local history and because of its well-preserved historic architecture: it was a survivor of the county&#39;s early period of settlement, and its buildings employed elements of distinctively European architecture, such as construction with large timbers. Since that time, restoration efforts have continued — volunteer members of the nonprofit Friends of Goll Homestead have repaired the buildings and returned them to a condition more closely resembling the days of Peter Goll, Jr., while teams from Eastern Michigan University have aided in removing modifications to the house in hopes of converting it into a base from which to conduct experiments in the surrounding woodland.</p><br>
<p>The George S. Clement House  is a historic building in Wauseon, Ohio, United States. Built in 1872,</p><br>
<p>George S. Clement moved to Wauseon in 1864, only one decade after the community was established. His hard manner of conducting business relations caused him soon to become one of the citys leading businessmen, and less than a decade after moving to Wauseon, he built a glorious house north of the citys downtown. The two-story house is primarily frame, and its slate roof is a mansard. His house on Clinton Street completed, Clement remained deeply involved in the business affairs of Wauseon. In 1889, Clement participated in the founding of the Wauseon State Bank, and on its board of directors he sat until the end of his life.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, Clements house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying for the Register for two different reasons — its high-quality Italianate architecture and its connection to George S. Clement during his time as a leading member of the community. Included in the landmarked area was a second building, a carriage house on the propertys southwestern corner.</p><br>
<p>Emeline Island is a conspicuous rocky island rising to over 100 m in the Aitcho group on the west side of English Strait in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The island extends 550 by with a surface area of 18 hectare. The area was visited by early 19th century seal hunters.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after the American sealing vessel Emeline under Captain Jeremiah Holmes, which visited the South Shetlands in 1820–21 and operated from nearby Clothier Harbour.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The midpoint is located at 62&deg;23&prime;29.3&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;47&prime;35&Prime;W longitude and the island lies 650 m northwest of Pasarel Island, 1.8 km northwest of Barrientos Island, 2.63 km north of Dee Island, 1.7 km north-northeast of Sierra Island, 2.45 km east by north of Stoker Island, 2 km east-southeast of Holmes Rock, 1.45 km southwest of Bilyana Island and 650 m southwest of Riksa Islands.</p><br>
<p>Holmes Rock is rising to 45 m north of Greenwich Island and west of Aitcho group in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after Captain Jeremiah Holmes, Master of the American sealing vessel Emeline that visited the South Shetlands in 1820-21 and operated from nearby Clothier Harbour.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The rock is located 2.3 km west of Riksa Islands, 2.1 km west-northwest of Emeline Island, 1.53 km north-northeast of Stoker Island, 4.4 km east-southeast of Romeo Island, 4.15 km south by west of Table Island and 2.55 km southwest of Morris Rock. It is separated from neighbouring Nikudin Rock to the west-southwest by a 150 m wide passage (British mapping in 1968, Chilean in 1971, Argentine in 1980, and Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<p>Morris Rock is rising to 55 m in the northwest extremity of Aitcho group, English Strait in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after Alfred Morris (b. 1890), draughtsman in the Admiralty Hydrographic Office in 1935.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The rock is located at 62&deg;22&prime;07.3&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;47&prime;47.6&Prime;W longitude which is 350 m northwest of Kilifarevo Island, 2.33 km north of Emeline Island, 2.55 km northeast of Holmes Rock, 2.53 km south by east of Table Island, and 3.71 km west by north of Fort William, Robert Island (British mapping in 1968, Chilean in 1971, Argentine in 1980, and Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<p>The congregation of North Presbyterian Church, at 525 West 155th Street in Manhattan, New York City, is a combination of three former congregations: North Presbyterian Church , Washington Heights Presbyterian Church , and St. Nicholas Avenue Presbyterian Church .</p><br>
<p>North Presbyterian Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places February 5, 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Washington Heights Church</h2><br>
<h3>Founding</h3><br>
<p>In the 1850s, Washington Heights, like the rest of upper Manhattan, was still rural. Many thoroughfares in the neighborhood, though shown on maps, were unbuilt or unopened.</p><br>
<p>In March 1851, two months after the death of naturalist John James Audubon, his widow sold an entire city block out of her 24-acre farm to neighbor Dennis Harris; it was bounded by 155th and 156th Street and Tenth and Eleventh Avenue (today called Amsterdam Avenue and Broadway, respectively). Harris divided the property into lots for resale.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Heights Congregational Church was established in 1855 with Harris as one of the founders. He built a modest wooden chapel for the new congregation on a Tenth Avenue lot between 155th and 156th Street and the same year sold the congregation a lot at the northwest corner of Tenth Avenue and 155th Street for a permanent church.</p><br>
<p>Construction began in 1857. John Kellum was the architect and the contractor was the local firm of Harden & Hopper. The Panic of 1857 caused economic uncertainty (which lasted until 1859), and by the end of the year, with the foundation in and the walls going up, work had to be halted for lack of money. The Rev. O. H. White, the congregation&#39;s first pastor, asked to be released, and was.</p><br>
<p>On January 29, 1858, the congregation voted to join the Presbyterian denomination. It was admitted into the Second Presbytery of New York on May 23, 1859. The same year, Charles Augustus Stoddard (May 28, 1833 – June 3, 1920) graduated from Union Theological Seminary in New York City and was assigned by the presbytery as a supply preacher for the Washington Heights Church. The congregation asked him to remain, and he was ordained pastor of the church in September 1859, beginning a tenure of 24 years.</p><br>
<p>The church grew, the economic crisis waned, and construction on the new church resumed in 1860, despite the land being fully mortgaged and despite claims, judgments, and builders’ liens against the unfinished structure. Smith & Cooper were the masons and David H. Doremus the carpenter.</p><br>
<h3>Permanent home</h3><br>
<p>The new church, one of the first houses of worship in upper Manhattan, was dedicated later that year. The building, Romanesque in style, was 85 feet long and 48 feet wide, with two brick towers, one a clock tower 120 feet high topped by a belfry enclosing a 1500-pound bell. The capacity was 600, with 88 pews of varied lengths. The sanctuary was 72 feet by 46 feet with a gallery over the vestibule. The ceilings and upper walls were frescoed, the trim was oak, and the windows were stained glass.</p><br>
<p>In 1862, the church raised a volunteer choir. In February 1868, William Wheelock donated an organ and paid to add an addition to the rear of the pulpit for it. The organist was Mr. O. Oxnard.</p><br>
<p>In 1859, Rev. Stoddard had married the daughter of Rev. Dr. Samuel Irenaeus Prime, proprietor and editor of the religious weekly newspaper New York Observer, and became a member of the editorial staff. In 1869, he became associate editor, and in 1873, a proprietor, at which time he offered his resignation to the church. The congregation, however, prevailed upon him to stay, agreeing to release him from some of his responsibilities, and for ten years he was both pastor and newspaper owner-editor. In 1883 he told his congregation his health would no longer allow the workload, and his resignation was accepted as of January 14 of that year. (In 1885, upon the death of Dr. Prime, he assumed the entire management of the Observer, becoming editor-in-chief and publisher until 1902, when he retired.)</p><br>
<p>On June 3, 1883, Rev. Allen Ford DeCamp (February 9, 1848 – December 27, 1928) was installed as pastor, but he was controversial and his tenure short. At a meeting of the congregation on March 13, 1885, his resignation, which had been requested, was accepted by a majority of one vote.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. John Collins Bliss (May 20, 1837 – April 11, 1909) was the next pastor, installed on October 25, 1885. He became pastor emeritus in 1905 and died in 1909.</p><br>
<h2>North Church on Ninth Avenue</h2><br>
<h3>Temporary quarters</h3><br>
<p>In 1845 a Sunday school was opened and taught every week by Mr. Joseph B. Sheffield, assisted by other members of the Mission Association of the Mercer Street Presbyterian Church, in Ward School No. 33,(a public school) on 35th Street near 9th Avenue. The school served as a nucleus for a Christian congregation.</p><br>
<p>This was a largely undeveloped area of the city. The adjacent streets had not been regulated, and the houses were few and humble. The City Mission Association of the Third and Fourth Presbyteries of New York, organized in October 1846, secured the use of the chapel of the New York Institution for the Blind, in the same area, as a preaching station for the year 1847. They appointed the Rev. Washington Roosevelt (November 14, 1802 – February 11, 1884) as their missionary for this locality beginning January 10.</p><br>
<p>A church of eight men and eight women was organized June 27, 1847, by Rev. Dr. Thomas H. Skinner (the elder, 1791–1871), pastor of the Mercer Street Church, assisted by Rev. William Adams, (b. 1813) and Rev. Roosevelt. It received the name North Presbyterian Church and was enrolled in the Third Presbytery of New York on October 4. The Sunday school in 35th Street was transferred to the new church. The congregation was chartered as a religious corporation by the New York Legislature in September 1847.</p><br>
<p>A free lease of four lots of ground on the south side of 32nd Street, midway between 8th and 9th Avenue, was obtained from Mr. James Boorman for seven years, from May 1, 1848; it was subsequently extended to nine years. Plans and estimates having been procured for a temporary house of worship, the contract was given September 29, 1848, to Mr. William S. Hunt, for $2,750. It was completed in April following, at an expense of $3,200. It was a frame building, about 40 by 60 feet, with a short central tower in front. It contained 75 pews, and was furnished with a front gallery. The house was built in the open fields, on a hillside known formerly as "Strawberry Hill."</p><br>
<p>The house was opened for public worship April 13, 1849. Rev. Roosevelt was chosen the pastor and installed by the Third Presbytery May 6, 1849. He resigned the charge at the close of the year 1855, and was released by the Presbytery January 14, 1856.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Edwin Francis Hatfield (January 9, 1807 – September 22, 1883), then pastor of the Seventh Presbyterian Church of this city for 20 years, was chosen to succeed Mr. Roosevelt and was installed February 13, 1856.</p><br>
<p>Measures were immediately taken to erect a permanent home. Mr. James Boorman gave the congregation free and full possession of four lots of ground, 100 feet square, on the northeast corner of 9th Avenue and 31st street, as of May 1. Robert Griffith Hatfield, brother of the pastor, was appointed the architect, and contracts were awarded for the mason-work to Mr. C. H. Tucker ($17,819) and for the carpenter-work to Mr. Hunt ($14,352).</p><br>
<p>The corner-stone was laid June 19, 1856, and the lecture room opened for public worship November 16, 1856. The former house of worship was sold to the North West Presbyterian Church for $600, and soon after removed to 50th Street, near Broadway. The new church was completed and opened for public worship March 29, 1857.</p><br>
<h3>Permanent home</h3><br>
<p>The church was Romanesque in style, of bluestone, 91 by 66 feet, with a tower projection of four feet (making the depth 95 feet). It had a slate roof with eaves 41 feet, and a ridge 62 feet, above the pavement, and a central wooden spire 182 feet high. The interior was finished in fresco and furnished with an organ from Jardine and Son. There were 152 pews on the main floor and 60 in the two side galleries with a disconnected organ gallery in front. The house was lighted at night from the ceiling. The capacity was 1,000 and the total cost, with the organ and other furniture, was $45,759.28.</p><br>
<p>When completed, the undertaking had an unpaid debt of $30,000.</p><br>
<p>The church prospered for a few years, but by the early 1860s, many congregants had moved away, and the society came close to bankruptcy. Rev. Hatfield resigned in October 1863, and Rev. Thomas Street became the third pastor on May 25, 1864. A great fund-raising effort was launched, and by January 22, 1871, the church was debt-free; one week later, the congregation held a celebratory service to mark the achievement.</p><br>
<p>On April 14, 1873, Rev. Street resigned on account of health, and on September 21, 31-year-old Rev. Stealy Bales Rossiter (May 22, 1842 – June 24, 1914) was installed as the fourth pastor. At the societys 25th anniversary celebration, March 26, 1882, the total membership was 700, and the total since the churchs formation was 1,950.</p><br>
<p>In 1897, a 50th anniversary celebration took place November 14–24, led by Pastor Rossiter. The church had recently been renovated and partly refurnished.</p><br>
<p>In November 1899, Rev. Rossiter announced his resignation for January 1900 to become American Secretary in New York of the McAll Mission, which did evangelical work in France. At that time, the church had 1,000 members and a Sunday school exceeding 900 students. (In 1903, Rev. Rossiter left that position to become pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Manila, Philippine Islands.)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Wilson Davidson Sexton (May 30, 1853 – July 3, 1907) was chosen as the North Church&#39;s fifth pastor on November 14, 1900.</p><br>
<p>On December 11, 1901, the President of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company publicly confirmed the company&#39;s plans to build a Hudson River tunnel, and a new passenger station in Manhattan, necessitating the displacement of many buildings, including the North Presbyterian Church. The congregation had no choice but to sell to the railroad company. The negotiation of the sale price took place over several months in 1902.</p><br>
<h2>Unification in new building</h2><br>
<h3>The merger</h3><br>
<p>By 1903, Washington Heights was on the verge of urbanization. The Broadway subway line was begun in 1900. It opened for service from City Hall to 145th Street on October 27, 1904 and to 157th Street on November 5, 1904, and would extend to 242nd Street in 1908. As a direct consequence of the subway’s opening, between 1905 and 1920 the population of Manhattan above 125th Street grew by 265 percent. The development of “high class” elevator apartments to house the influx of new residents to Washington Heights and other neighborhoods soon followed.</p><br>
<p>In March 1903, the North Church and the Washington Heights Church made plans to merge and build a new church in that neighborhood. The Presbytery of New York, governing body of the Presbyterian Church in the city, voted its preliminary approval on June 30, the combination purchased the site for the new building in December, and plans for the new church were filed with the Buildings Department in April 1904. The two congregations began worshipping together in the Fall of 1904 and in February 1905, with construction underway, the Presbytery gave formal approval and the union was finalized. The name was to be North Presbyterian Church, the pastor was to be Rev. Sexton, and Rev. Bliss would become pastor emeritus.</p><br>
<p>The trustees had planned to purchase land immediately adjacent to the existing church on 155th Street, to replace it with a larger one, but could not come to terms with the landowner. In December 1903, they settled for a midblock plot 150 feet long on 155th Street, and 100 feet deep.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Heights Church and the land under it were sold. It was being used to store balloons when it caught fire on March 26, 1908, and was destroyed.</p><br>
<h3>The new church</h3><br>
<p>The new North Presbyterian Church was dedicated Sunday morning, November 5, 1905, beginning a period of dedicatory events through November 24.</p><br>
<p>The church was commissioned from the architectural firm Bannister and Schell, which later designed the Harlem Savings Bank (1907, today called the Apple Bank for Savings, 124 East 125th Street) and the Holyrood Church (179th Street and Fort Washington Avenue, 1911–1914). Edwin Outwater was the builder and the superintendent of construction was Professor Collins P. Bliss, head of the engineering department of New York University, and son of the pastor emeritus. Rev. Sexton was reported to have formulated the general plan.</p><br>
<p>The English Gothic design exemplifies a change in church architecture fashion at that time from Romanesque Revival to Gothic Revival. The façade, of smooth, gray brick, limestone, and terra cotta, comprises the sanctuary on the east and parish house on the west, with a 110-foot clock tower, atop the narthex, between them. The sanctuarys sloping floor has wooden pews, facing east, that curve around the main altar space. A balcony provides seating around the north, south, and west sides. The narthex and sanctuary have stained glass skylights. The capacity is 1,000 people. The three-story parish house had a Sunday school with three main rooms and eight classrooms, a library, and private offices for the school superintendent and the secretary. There was a study for the pastor, an apartment for the janitors family, a boardroom, a kitchen, and a recreation room.</p><br>
<p>Many members of the 9th Avenue church, although not all, moved with it to Washington Heights.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Sexton died July 3, 1907, after two weeks&#39; illness, age 54. The sixth pastor of North Church, Rev. John R. Mackay, was installed March 17, 1908. The congregation grew from 664 in 1906 to 1,471 by 1918. In the 1920s, the church had the fourth largest congregation in the Presbytery of New York City. In 1923 a community center, with a gymnasium, a swimming pool, classrooms, and a kitchen, was built adjacent to the parish house to its west. The two-story building, designed by architect Eli Benedict, a member of the church, was called Memorial House to commemorate the men who died in World War I.</p><br>
<p>Early in 1926, Rev. Mackay submitted his resignation, effective December 6, after which the pulpit was filled by Rev. Dr. Arthur J. Smith, for many years secretary of the Evangelistic Committee of New York City, for seven weeks.</p><br>
<h2>Harlem congregation</h2><br>
<h3>Lenox Church</h3><br>
<p>On September 21, 1890, the Rev. A. W. Halsey and William M. Waite opened a Sunday school at 2566 8th Avenue, near 137th Street in Harlem. There were only 24 persons present, and they organized the Lenox Presbyterian Sunday School Association. On Nov. 2, Sunday evening services were begun there, and a little later a Christian Endeavor Society was formed. Then a girls sewing school and afterward a boys club were started. On February 27, 1891, the society moved to larger quarters at 2553 8th Avenue. The Rev. Dr. Edward L. Clark (February 3, 1838 – February 5, 1910), pastor of the Church of the Puritans, took an interest in the young congregation, and when it was known that it was in need of a pastor, he volunteered to guarantee a salary for one. On April 12, 1891, David Garrett Smith (ordained 1892) was engaged to perform the pastoral work of the congregation, which he did for more than a year.</p><br>
<p>On December 28, 1891, with the approval of the New York Presbytery, the Lenox Presbyterian Church was established, with 37 members. At the same time the congregation was incorporated under the laws of New York, and officers were elected. On January 7, 1892, the trustees of the Church Extension Committee signed a contract to purchase a plot of ground, 140 feet by 100 feet, and the Sunday School Committee of the Presbytery had plans drawn up for a modest midblock church at 308–310 West 139th Street, between 8th Avenue (today called Frederick Douglass Boulevard) and Edgecombe Avenue. The cornerstone was laid September 24, 1892.</p><br>
<p>The church was dedicated January 8, 1893, by which time it had 60 members. Rev. Dr. Francis Henry Marling officiated at the morning service, Rev. Dr. James H. Hoadley addressed the Sunday school in the afternoon, and Rev. Dr. John Hall gave a sermon at the evening service. The dedication ceremonies continued the next evening.</p><br>
<p>Designed by architect Joseph Ireland (b. June 17, 1843) in Romanesque style, the church – initially called a chapel and seen as a temporary home – had a capacity of about 400, an elevation of 45 feet, and a plan 35 by 90 feet. It is made of Ohio brick with brownstone trim and has a Georgia pine interior, galleries for choir and congregation, and facilities for a Sunday school.</p><br>
<p>After a number of ministers were tried, Rev. Bryce K. Douglas, a favorite with the young people, was unanimously elected pastor at a meeting of the members on February 4. He accepted the call and took up his duties April 1, 1893, but he resigned amid controversy after only a year. The second pastor was Rev. Thomas William Smith, installed December 20, 1894, who served 20 years.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, the congregation purchased land nearby, on the northwest corner of St. Nicholas Avenue and 141st Street, for a new church, having outgrown the existing one.</p><br>
<p>Over the summer of 1904, plans were filed with the Buildings Department for a church to be built on the new plot. The cornerstone for the new edifice was laid on October 15, 1904. By then, church membership exceeded 500, and the Sunday school had 600 students.</p><br>
<p>In early 1904, the 139th Street church was sold. It was later purchased by the Swedish Immanuel Congregational Church, which began services there in March 1905, gave it a thorough renovation a few months later, and installed a new organ in 1909. In 1923 the church was acquired by the Grace Congregational Church of Harlem, which continues to reside there.</p><br>
<h3>St. Nicholas Avenue Church</h3><br>
<p>The dedication of the new St. Nicholas Avenue Church took place on January 21, 1906.</p><br>
<p>Architect Ludlow & Valentine gave the Gothic-style church a square bell tower, light yellow Roman brick, and Indiana limestone trim. The auditorium was given large Gothic windows in the side walls and some 24 clerestory windows. It was trimmed in brown oak and the ceiling showed open truss work. Including galleries, the capacity was about 800. In addition to the usual rooms for the pastor, choir, and session, the building included a kitchen, a library, and a large social room at the level of the first floor.</p><br>
<p>Philip L. Schenk was selected as organist for the new church.</p><br>
<p>On May 1, 1907, William Jennings Bryan, a college classmate of Rev. Smith, the pastor, delivered his famous Chautauqua lecture, "The Prince of Peace".</p><br>
<p>The townhouse at 58 Hamilton Terrace, near the church, was purchased as a parsonage in 1913.</p><br>
<p>On December 5, 1914, it was reported that Rev. Smith had left the St. Nicholas Avenue Church for Orange, N. J. Rev. Dr. Elliott Wilber Brown came to the church in January as the temporary supply and in March accepted the congregation&#39;s call to become its pastor. He was installed on March 25, 1915.</p><br>
<p>In 1926 North Church and the St. Nicholas Avenue Church held union services for the summer months, so that one clergyman could serve two churches. (Similar arrangements were made by other churches in the city). By then, population and demographic change within the neighborhood had been substantial. The following year, the two congregations merged at 155th Street, under the North Church name. The last services at St. Nicholas Avenue Church were held January 23, 1927.</p><br>
<p>The St. Nicholas Avenue Church was transferred to the congregation of St. James Colored Presbyterian Church, of 59–61 West 137th Street, which was descended from one of the earliest black congregations in New York. They made a gala parade from their old home to their new one on Sunday, June 5, 1927, before the opening service. The sermon for the service was preached by Rev. Dr. Harlan G. Mendenhall, Stated Clerk of the New York Presbytery, and Rev. William Lloyd Imes, the pastor of St. James, preached the children&#39;s sermon. The congregation, today called St. James Presbyterian Church, continues to make its home there today.</p><br>
<h2>Second unification</h2><br>
<p>The first service of the united congregation, whose pastor was Rev. Henry Burnham Kirkland of the St. Nicholas Avenue Church, took place in the North Church on 155th Street January 30, 1927. As a result of the merger with St. Nicholas Avenue, the North Presbyterian Church became the third largest Church in the Presbytery. A 1935 roll included over 950 members.</p><br>
<p>On September 25, 1932, Rev. Kirkland handed in his resignation, effective January 1, reportedly because differences of opinion between groups representing each of the two churches over administrative matters had been more or less constant since the merger. Rev. Dr. Merle H. Anderson, 60, was installed as pastor December 6, 1933.</p><br>
<p>Eventually the congregation fell into decline due to the changing demographics and development of the neighborhood. Many members moved to newer suburbs and the congregation shrank. In 1957, it reached a low of 267 members. The neighborhood, and the congregation, experienced some growth in the 1960s and 1970s as more African Americans began to move to the area and in the 1980s with the move of Dominicans to the neighborhood. But in 2013, it had only 22 members, according to Presbyterian Mission Agency Research Services.</p><br>
<p>The church underwent a restoration in the early 2000s to repair roof and water damage and restore main public spaces, including the lecture hall and social hall.</p><br>
<p>Mawuhle Presbyterian Church, a fellowship within the Presbytery of New York City whose members are mostly from Ghana, also calls the building home, worshiping in its sanctuary on Sunday afternoons.</p><br>
<p>Maja Harapit  is a mountain in the Prokletije range in the north of Albania. The mountain is 2,217 m high, with its impressive 800 m high south wall&#39; the northwestern edge of a large basin, where it dominates as a prominent rock formation, the conclusion of the Shala Valley and is one of the landmarks of Theth Valley. The mountain is on the edge of the National Parks Theth.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is located near the mountain pass of Qafa e Pejës (520 m) north of Theth between the mountains of the Bjeshkët e Nemuna in the West - completed by the Maja Radohimës (2,570 m) - and the Maja Jezercë massif in the east. While the steep south wall of the Shala Valley which is part of the mountain is actually based on a broad saddle between the two great massifs, the height of 2,000 m steeply to a rocky point jutting which it juts from. The tip and the surrounding saddle is made of rugged rock, of sinkholes and caves penetrating karst formations.</p><br>
<p>Albania&#39;s longest horizontal cave is located beneath the south wall. Bulgarian researchers have explored its length at 2,585 m. The depth of the cave is 346 m. Within the cave 15 species have been discovered.</p><br>
<p>The south wall is considered the highest rock face of the Balkan peninsula and in the summer of 2010 was a tourist hotspot for the first time by a majority of tourists coming from Germany, especially big wall climbers throughout Europe.</p><br>
<p>The name Harapi from Albanian to English can be translated as dark or Arabs.</p><br>
<p>The Kaniet Islands are the easternmost group islands within the Western Islands of the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea. It consists four islands and one islet. Their coordinates are , located north-east of the Hermit Islands. Sae Island is a nearby island often subsumed under the Kaniet Islands, albeit the two are distinct. Another name for the Kaniet Islands is "Anchorite Islands".</p><br>
<p>The first sighting by Europeans of Kaniet islands was by the Spanish navigator Iñigo Órtiz de Retes on 19 August 1545 when on board of the carrack San Juan tried to return from Tidore to New Spain. He charted them as Hombres Blancos (White Men in Spanish) because of the color of the skin of its inhabitants that contrasted with that of the population of New Guinea. In 1780 and 1800 they received visits of new Spanish expeditions commanded respectively by Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa and Juan Antonio de Ibargoitia.</p><br>
<p>Stoker Island is a rocky island lying off the north coast of Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Extending 550 by, surface area 20 hectare. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after Donald Tait, stoker of the survey motor boat Nimrod of the Royal Navy Hydrographic Survey Unit in the South Shetlands in 1967.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The midpoint is located at 62&deg;23&prime;50.4&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;50&prime;54.1&Prime;W longitude which is 2.65 km west-southwest of Emeline Island, 2.2 km northwest of Sierra Island, 3.7 km northwest of Dee Island, 3.9 km northeast of Ongley Island, 4.26 km southeast of Romeo Island and 1.7 km south-southwest of Holmes Rock (British mapping in 1968, Chilean in 1971, Argentine in 1980, and Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<p>Ongley Island is a rugged rocky island lying off the north coast of Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Extending 1.35 km in west-northwest direction and 470 m wide, with a surface area of 44 hectare. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after L.T. Ongley, cartographer in the Admiralty Hydrographic Department in 1935.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The midpoint is located at 62&deg;25&prime;48&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;53&prime;14.6&Prime;W longitude and the island is lying 3.7 km west of Dee Island, 1.73 km north by east of Aprilov Point, Greenwich Island, 2.74 km northeast of Miletich Point, Greenwich Island, 2.52 km east-northeast of Kabile Island, 5.3 km south by east of Romeo Island and 3.7 km southwest of Stoker Island (British mapping in 1935 and 1968, Argentine in 1957, Chilean in 1971, and Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<p>Romeo Island is a rocky island lying off the north coast of Greenwich Island and west of Aitcho Islands in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Extending 1.35 km in west-northwest direction and 470 m wide, with a surface area of 44 hectare. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after the British sealing ship Romeo under Captain James Johnson, which visited the South Shetlands in 1821-22, and moored in Clothier Harbour in March 1822.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The midpoint is located at 62&deg;22&prime;34.7&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;55&prime;30.6&Prime;W longitude and the island is lying 9.45 km northeast of Duff Point, Greenwich Island, 6.7 km southwest of Table Island, 4.05 km northwest of Stoker Island and 5.3 km north by west of Ongley Island (British mapping in 1962 and 1968, Chilean in 1971, Argentine in 1980, and Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009).</p><br>
<p>The Klever Reichswald is an Imperial forest in North Rhine-Westphalia  between the Rivers Rhine and Meuse at the German Dutch border. The forest is located in the municipal territory of Kleve, Goch, Kranenburg and Bedburg-Hau. It is the largest coherent wooded area of the lower Rhine and the largest coherent public state forest of North Rhine-Westphalia with an area of 51 km .</p><br>
<h2>Landscape and forest</h2><br>
<p>The Reichswald is located on the ridge of the lower Rhine, which was created by glaciers. In the ice age a range of hills were created which contrasts the flat Rhine plane since. 31 of the hills reach heights above 50 meters. One of the highest ones is the Rupenberg with 95 meters, located at the eastern end of the Reichswad.</p><br>
<p>The forest is a closed mixed deciduous forest which is dominated by its copper beech population. For some areas the oak tree is predominant for some other parts conifer forest is found to be dominant.</p><br>
<p>In a westerly direction of the forest the Reichswald merges in woodland of the province Gelderland in the Netherlands. These are almost closed over the municipalities of Milsbeek, Mook en Middelaar, Berg en Dal and Heumen to Nijmegen.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area</h2><br>
<p>With the exception of small subareas the complete Reichswald is under landscape and nature protection. The majority can be found in areas of outstanding natural beauty: at AONB Waldgebiet Reichswald (ca. 3875 ha, in Kleve, Kranenburg and Goch), at AONB Reichswald (ca. 166 ha, in Bedburg-Hau) and at AONB Pfalzdorfer Höhenrand and Nierstal (only subareas at Reichswald, in Goch). The northern forest areas near the core of Kleve could be counted to the Reichswald as well. They are located at AONB Standortübungsplatz einschließlich der Umgebung westlich Kleve (ca. 126 ha) and at AONB Waldgebiet des Tiergartenwaldes (ca. 295 ha).</p><br>
<p>In the northwest area of the Reichswald the protected areas Quellen am Stoppelberg is located (ca. 2,9 ha, in Kleve) and in the middle of the forest the protected area ‘Geldernberg’ (ca. 580 ha, in Kleve, Kranenburg and Goch) is located. ‘Geldernberg’ is known as the core area of the Reichswald and is stated as the FFH-Area DE-4202-302 Reichswald which makes it belong to the European network of protected areas Natura 2000. The AONB Geldenberg is of particular importance because it is the largest, largely closed, predominant hardwood old-growth forest in the Reichswald and is home to endangered species like the golden oriole, black woodpecker, honey buzzard and stag beetle.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the Second World War, Klever Reichswald was the location of the Battle of the Reichswald, also known as Operation Veritable, in February and March 1945. In this protracted battle against British and Canadian troops on Germany&#39;s Western Front, German lines under the capable General Alfred Schlemm (of the Luftwaffe) had been reequipped. The Siegfried Line was the most fortified in this area, and the troops were re-enforced by elite and experienced soldiers well prepared for protracted fighting.</p><br>
<h3>Military manpower</h3><br>
<p>The terrain largely nullified the Anglo-Canadians&#39; advantages in equipment, armament and munitions, and manpower. On the German side, over 90,000 men fought in this battle, and 52,000 were taken prisoner.</p><br>
<p>On the Anglo-Canadian side, nearly 200,000 men were engaged in the fighting, with 23,000 casualties.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>As the Reichswald is on a glacial ridge, it is not subjected to flooding. The glacial gravel contains a lot of loam from the northern German plain and this causes the surface to become extremely muddy when using the unmetalled roads during a rainy period.</p><br>
<p>Nelson Place West is Grade II listed Georgian terrace of houses in Bath, Somerset, England. It was built as "Nelson Place" in the early 19th century, and the suffix "West" was added to avoid confusion with Nelson Place East on the other side of the city. The end houses  have Ionic pilasters and there is a wrought iron balcony on the second floor of Nos. 2-8. These features match the adjacent Norfolk Crescent, which was built as part of the same urban development.</p><br>
<p>On the western end of the Georgian terrace there is a 1970s block of flats called Nelson House and further down the street (to the west) there is a row of Victorian houses called Nelson Villas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Original design (c. 1792-c. 1817)</h3><br>
<p>Nelson Place, which was named after Admiral Nelson, was part of a larger development that also included Nile Street (named after the Battle of the Nile, one of Nelsons victories) and Norfolk Crescent (the centrepiece of the development, named after Nelsons home county). The architect who designed the matching facades of Nelson Place and Norfolk Crescent was probably John Palmer.</p><br>
<p>Palmer&#39;s design for Nelson Place was a terrace of 23 houses, each 3 windows wide. The two end houses were to have ionic pilasters and the central houses were to have a pediment, identical to the facade of Norfolk Crescent. The terrace was to be completely level, but the ground slopes down towards the river (at the west end of the row) so the street would have been built up on vaults, as at the south end of Norfolk Crescent. Each house was five storeys high (basement, ground floor, piano nobile, second floor and attic). Unlike many other Bath houses, the attic windows are in the main facade, not in the roof. This makes the building look taller and more impressive.</p><br>
<p>The first two houses (Nos. 1 and 2) were built in the early 19th century and completed c. 1817 but a financial crisis (resulting from the Bath Bank crash in 1793) meant that Bath developers were struggling to raise money for new houses.</p><br>
<h3>Reduced design (c. 1820-c. 1835)</h3><br>
<p>Nos. 1 and 2 Nelson Place were first leased c. 1817, but it was no easy task to raise funds for the other planned 21 houses in the terrace. As a result, it was decided that the terrace could be continued with smaller houses. The new design, probably the work of John Pinch the elder, had houses that were 2 windows wide, to attract middle class rather than upper class occupants. The ground floor window (which is larger than the others) and the door are offset from the upper windows. Pinch designed very similar terraces elsewhere in Bath, such as Raby Place (Bathwick Hill). Four houses (Nos. 3-6) were built in this style and completed c. 1827 and a further two houses (Nos. 7 and 8) were built slightly later and completed c. 1835. By this time the demand for town houses was dropping and no more houses were built in Nelson Place.</p><br>
<h3>Nelson Villas (19th century)</h3><br>
<p>The Georgian terrace was left uncompleted and in the second half of the 19th century a row of Victorian terraced houses called Nelson Villas was built at the west end of the street. These houses, two storeys high with front gardens, are very different to the Georgian terrace with its tall imposing facade.</p><br>
<h3>Nelson House and No. 9 (c. 1973)</h3><br>
<p>In the 1970s a modern block of flats (Nelson House) was built in the gap between the Georgian and Victorian terraces. As part of this block of flats a single house (No. 9) was added to the end of Nelson Place, with a facade matching No. 1. This pilastered end house lends the Georgian terrace visual symmetry and gives the false impression that the truncated Georgian terrace was the intended final form of the street.</p><br>
<p>Today Nos. 1 and 2 have been combined into a single house, which contains flats. The door to No. 1, which faced onto Nile Street, has been replaced with a window and the staircase inside No. 1 has been removed, so the flats in both houses are accessed via the door and staircase of No. 2. Nos. 3 and 4 have also been combined for conversion into flats, the door and staircase of No. 3 having been removed. The outline of the old doorways to No. 1 and No. 3 can still be made out.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>In 1839 Sir Isaac Pitman, the inventor of shorthand, moved into No. 5 Nelson Place West. He set up a printing press there and used the house for his phonetic institute. In 1851 he moved to a larger house elsewhere in Bath. In 1859, he moved his printing press to a factory on Lower Bristol Road, not far from Nelson Place. The company he set up, called LIBERfabrica is still located on these premises.</p><br>
<p>Vice-Admiral Henry Gordon (d.1856) lived at No. 1 Nelson Place from 1829 until his death in 1856. Gordon was present at the Glorious First of June naval battle and (as a lieutenant) he was in command of HMS Wolverine when she was captured by the French in 1804. Henry Gordon also served two terms as the Mayor of Bath.</p><br>
<p>The P Ranch is a historic ranch in Harney County in southeastern Oregon, United States. The remaining ranch structures are located on the west bank of the Donner und Blitzen River in the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. The ranch was built by Peter French, a well known 19th-century cattle baron. The P Ranch became headquarters for the French-Glenn Livestock Company, which eventually covered over 140,000 acre. After French was murdered in 1897, the French-Glenn Livestock Company slowly sold off the P Ranch property. In 1935, the United States Government purchased the remaining P Ranch property to add to an adjacent wildlife refuge. The Civilian Conservation Corps demolished most of the original ranch buildings in the 1930s, and a fire destroyed the main ranch house in 1947. The few remaining P Ranch structures are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Around 9,800 years ago, the Harney Basin was covered by a single great lake covering 255,000 acre. The birds, animals, and plants found in the wetland around the lake provided abundant food for early inhabitants. About 3,500 years ago, small villages began to develop around the lakes and along the banks of the river. Beginning about 1,400 years ago, extended droughts began to shrink the lake and surrounding wetlands.</p><br>
<p>While there are no records of the earliest people to inhabit the Harney Basin, Native Americans used the wetland areas around Malheur Lake, Harney Lake, and Donner und Blitzen River for thousands of years before the arrival of European settlers. By the time Europeans began to explore the area in the early nineteenth century, the Northern Paiute people were well established in the Harney Basin including the area that became the P Ranch.</p><br>
<p>Hudson&#39;s Bay Company fur trappers were the first Europeans to visit the Harney Basin. Peter Skene Ogden passed along the north shore of Malheur Lake in 1826. Other fur trapping expeditions followed in the 1830s. Several military expeditions passed through the area in the late 1850s. Major Enoch Steen was the first non-native to explore the Donner und Blitzen River area in 1860. Steens Mountain, that dominates southern Harney County, was named in his honor. In the 1860s, the United States Army established a number of military outposts in the Harney Basin.</p><br>
<h2>Peter French</h2><br>
<p>Peter French was born in Missouri in 1849. As a boy, he immigrated to California with his family. Then as a young man, French went to work for Doctor Hugh J. Glenn, who owned large tracts of land in the Sacramento Valley. In 1872, Glenn decided to expand his operation into Oregon. To lead the venture, Glenn picked 23-year-old Peter French. French was sent north with six vaqueros and 1,200 head of cattle.</p><br>
<p>When he arrived in the Blitzen Valley, French ran into a prospector named Porter, who had not found much gold and was eager to move on. French bought Porter’s small heard of cattle along with his "P" brand and rights to the west slope of Steens Mountain where Porter had prospected. French settled along the Donner und Blitzen River. Over the next few years, French drained and fenced thousands of acres of wetlands along the river. That land became the P Ranch, which was named for the "P" brand acquired from Porter. By the 1870s, the P Ranch was earning a good income for Glenn. Cattle were raised in the lush P Ranch pastures along the river. In the fall, French drove his cattle 200 mi to the railhead at Winnemucca, Nevada.</p><br>
<p>In 1883, French married Glenn’s daughter Ella. Glenn was murdered three weeks later by a former employee. French continued to manage the Oregon operation for the Glenn family, selling more cattle to help pay the family’s debts. In 1894, Glenn’s heirs decided to incorporate the French-Glenn partnership into the French-Glenn Livestock Company, making French the company president.</p><br>
<p>From his base at the P Ranch, French expanded the company&#39;s holdings until the ranch extended from the foothills of Steens Mountain 40 mi along both sides of the Donner und Blitzen River to Malheur Lake, including the entire south shore of the lake. It also covered all of neighboring Happy and Diamond valleys plus a large part of the Catlow Valley to the south. Some records indicate the ranch may have covered as much as 200,000 acre. The company built and maintained 500 mi of barbed wire fence to protect 30,000 to 45,000 head of cattle plus 3,000 horses and mules. The operation had five divisions; the Happy Valley Division, the Diamond Division, Sod-House Division, the Catlow Valley Division, and the P Ranch Division. The P Ranch served as French’s main headquarters in the center of the property.</p><br>
<p>F.C. Lusk, who was the secretary of the French-Glenn Livestock Company prior to French’s death, became executor of French’s estate and took over as manager of the P Ranch and the company’s other properties. To pay off company debts, Lusk gradually sold off ranch assets. In 1906, the P Ranch and the neighboring Diamond Ranch were sold to Henry L. Corbett and his partner C.E.S. Wood. In 1916, Louis F. Swift, owner of the Swift Meat Packing Company, joined the P Ranch partnership and the business became the Eastern Oregon Live Stock Company. In the 1920s, the part of the French-Glenn property known as the Barton Lake Ranch was bought by John Jenkins. This property includes the well-known Pete French Round Barn. In 1935, a large part of the P Ranch was incorporated into the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<h2>Malheur National Wildlife Refuge</h2><br>
<p>The Malheur Migratory Bird Refuge was created in 1908. Over the years, the refuge grew to encompass 81,786 acre around Malheur Lake. In 1935, the United States Government purchased 64,717 acre of P Ranch property from the Eastern Oregon Live Stock Company for $675,000, adding the land to the refuge. The refuge was later renamed the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s, the refuge hosted three Civilian Conservation Corps camps. One was located at the Sod-House Ranch south of Malheur Lake. A second camp was located at Buena Vista Station and the third was located 5 mi north of Frenchglen in the P Ranch area. Civilian Conservation Corps crews built a number of stone buildings to house the refuge headquarters at the Sod-House site. In addition, they constructed several refuge buildings at Buena Vista, four lookout towers, the main refuge patrol road, four concrete dams, numerous canals and bridges, and hundreds of miles of fence. The Civilian Conservation Corps also demolished most of the original ranch structures before the camps were closed in 1942.</p><br>
<p>After the Civilian Conservation Corps left, the remaining ranch buildings, including Peter French’s main house at the P Ranch, continued to be used by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to support refuge operations. Unfortunately, a fire destroyed the main ranch house in 1947, leaving only the foundation and a stone chimney that had been attached to the west end of the house.</p><br>
<p>Because it played an important role in the development of the cattle industry in the western United States, the P Ranch was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 29 January 1979. The historic district covers 60 acre along both sides of the Donner und Blitzen River. Today, the Long Barn is the only historic building left at the site.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>At its peak, the P Ranch complex included at least twenty-one buildings. Today, only one building and two other historic structures remain at the P Ranch site. In addition to the Long Barn, there is a beef wheel and some original stock fences.</p><br>
<p>The Long Barn was built in the 1880s. It is 150 ft long and 50 ft wide. It is a post and beam structure. There are 56 heavy log posts in two rows that support the roof, which is 30 ft high at its peak. The exterior of the barn is finished with pine and aspen lumber. The roof is covered with pine shingles. The original foundation sills were replaced by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1939. The interior of the barn is a single large room. It has a 12 ft wide center isle running between the two rows of support posts. Hay is still stored in the center isle; often stack to the crest of the roof. Along both side of the barn are feed racks and animal stalls. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service stabilized and restored the Long Barn in 2008. Today, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service uses the Long Barn to bed down horses and store hay.</p><br>
<p>The ranch property also has an original beef wheel, used to hoist slaughtered cattle off the ground to cool. It was built in the 1880s, when Peter French employed a hundred or more ranch hands. To feed all its dependents, the ranch needed to slaughter two cattle per week so the beef wheel was an important piece of structural equipment. The wheel is quite large since it had to lift beef carcasses high enough off the ground that the meat was safe from dogs and coyotes. The wheel is a square pine frame mounted on two large juniper posts.</p><br>
<p>Several sections of original stockade fence still remain at P Ranch site. These fences are made of juniper slabs which are buried in trenches. The fence cross-pieces were originally bound to the slabs with rawhide. There are also several original willow corrals that still exist. These were made by weaving willow shoots between upright juniper posts.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The P Ranch Historic District covers 60 acre along the Donner und Blitzen River in southeastern Oregon. The elevation of the ranch is 4,196 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The P Ranch is located within the boundaries of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. The ranch is 1.5 mi east of Frenchglen, Oregon. From Frenchglen, travel east 1.5 mi on the Steens Mountain Loop Road; then turn north on the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Central Patrol Road. The ranch entrance is on the west side of the road approximately.25 mi from the Steens Mountain Loop Road junction.</p><br>
<p>The Jones-Read-Touvelle House is a historic building in Wauseon, Ohio, United States. Located along Park Street south of downtown,</p><br>
<p>Built on a limestone foundation, the house is a brick structure covered with an asphalt roof. Among its most prominent architectural features are its narrow but tall windows topped with arches of brick, the pairs of brackets that support the eaves of the house&#39;s hip roof, the double doors of the front entrance, and the ornate Queen Anne detailing of the porch.</p><br>
<p>Although the house was built by a Dr. Philo Jones, it was purchased by a John A. Read in May 1876, just a year after its completion. Read was a leading member of the Wauseon business society; after founding a combined general and drug store in the city in 1863, he was successful enough to split the drug store away as its own business in 1870, and he further expanded it by 1880 to the point that it was a sizeable pharmaceutical company.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the Jones-Read-Touvelle House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Key to this designation was its well-preserved historic architecture, which was seen as significant locally. It is one of four Wauseon buildings and six properties throughout Fulton County to be included on the Register.</p><br>
<p>Meander Creek Reservoir is a lake located along Meander Creek in Mahoning County and Trumbull County near Austintown, Ohio. The Meander Creek Reservoir is Mahoning Countys drinking water. The reservoirs south end continues as a little river going southward. The reservoir is also managed by the Mahoning County Sanitary District. Hunting, boating and fishing are prohibited. Most of the reservoir is located in Austintown Township in Mahoning County or in Weathersfield Township in Trumbull County.</p><br>
<p>The dam creating the reservoir, Mineral Ridge Dam, is an earthen dam built in 1932. It is 60 feet high, 3480 feet long at its crest, impounds a maximum capacity of 62,000 acre-feet, and is owned and operated by the Mahoning Valley Sanitary District.</p><br>
<p>The Whitlock Valley is a small valley in southeast Arizona, USA, lying between three mountain ranges. The valley lies on the south perimeter region of the White Mountains in eastern Arizona, and lies south of the west-flowing Gila River, and the region transitions south into Cochise County and three large valleys, with some scattered dry lakes. The valley is endorheic, with a small dry lake called Parks Lake, and merges southwest into the north of the San Simon Valley, where the San Simon River has its origins in the flatlands, and surrounding perimeter mountains. The valley was named after Captain James H. Whitlock who commanded during the Battle of Mount Gray in 1864 which was fought near the valley.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Regional endorheic valley</h3><br>
<p>The west-flowing Gila River is forced into a NW-West-SW excursion by the small range of the Black Hills (Greenlee County). The Whitlock Valley drains south from the range, and merges into the north of the San Simon Valley, where the San Simon River forms a playa, flatland region, then continues northwest to the Gila River. A water divide creates Parks Lake at the south of the Whitlock Valley.</p><br>
<h3>Whitlock Valley</h3><br>
<p>Whitlock Valley is a mostly north-south 22-mile (35 km) long valley, bordered on the west by the small north-south Whitlock Mountains. The east of the valley is bordered by the north region of the Peloncillo Mountains (Cochise County), a north-south stretch, only about 8 mi wide. The north Peloncillo&#39;s form the border between Graham County, northwest, and Greenlee County to the east, (extreme southeast county).</p><br>
<h3>Parks Lake and Whitlock Cienega</h3><br>
<p>Parks Lake is the low point of Whitlock Valley in the south. The southern Whitlock Mountains are to the west, and on the southeast foothills of the Whitlock&#39;s lie Whitlock Cienega, at 32&deg;33&prime;10&Prime;N latitude, 109&deg;20&prime;7&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>In the Parks Lake region, can be found a sedge, Scirpus pungens, (Schoenoplectus pungens), as well as other lakebed, and marsh plants. Parks Lake is located at 32.5678&deg;N latitude, 109.3031&deg;W longitude.</p><br>
<h2>Madrean Sky Islands region</h2><br>
<p>The valley lies in a region of southeast Arizona and southwest New Mexico called the Madrean Sky Islands; the valley is a northeast drainage to the San Simon Valley, but only in the Whitlock Valley southern region, and the neighboring mountains east and west. The south of the valley forms a water divide to the northeast region of San Simon Creek.</p><br>
<p>The Julia Morgan House is a Mediterranean Revival mansion, located in the Elmhurst neighborhood of Sacramento, California, constructed by Julia Morgan, the first woman licensed to practice architecture in California. The home, now listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was gifted to Sacramento State University by Charles Goethe after his death in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1918, Julia Morgan was hired to draw plans for the house. When Goethe died in 1966 he bequeathed the house along with his library, papers, and a large monetary donation to California State University, California. Since then, University Enterprises, Inc. has maintained it.</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>In 1982 the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places due to its historic nature. Part of said historic nature is the fact that it is the only example of Morgan&#39;s domestic architecture in the Sacramento area. In 1999, the home was remodeled and its name was formally changed to the Julia Morgan House. In 2014, the house was remodeled to include business meeting and conference facilities. The house is currently used by the university to hold events by faculty or campus staff or can be rented for corporate and business meetings.</p><br>
<p>Heywood Island is the largest of the islands off the north coast of Robert Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is named after Captain Peter Heywood, RN , commanding HMS Nereus off the east coast of South America in 1810-13, formerly a midshipman in HMS Bounty under Captain William Bligh. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers operating from nearby Clothier Harbour.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The island lies 2.88 km west by north of Catharina Point, Robert Island, 2.24 km north-west of Hammer Point, Robert Island, 470 m north-north-east of Rogozen Island, 4.12 km north-north-east of Fort William, Robert Island and 5.35 km east-north-east of Table Island (British mapping in 1822, 1935, 1962 and 1968, American in 1942, Argentine in 1946 and 1957, Chilean in 1957 and 1971, and Bulgarian in 2009). It is 1.4 by long with a surface area of 78 hectare. It is ice-free, low and horseshoe-shaped, its west coast indented for 1 km by Vrabcha Cove.</p><br>
<h2>Important Bird Area</h2><br>
<p>The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports one of the largest chinstrap penguin colonies on the Antarctic Peninsula with around 90,000 pairs.</p><br>
<p>Caño Cristales  is a Colombian river located in the Serrania de la Macarena province of Meta. It&#39;s a tributary of the Guayabero River. The river is commonly called the "River of Five Colors" or the "Liquid Rainbow", and is even referred to as the most beautiful river in the world due to its striking colors. The bed of river in the end of July through November is variously colored yellow, green, blue, black, and especially red, the last caused by the Macarenia clavigera  on the bottom of the river.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The quartzite rocks of the Serrania de la Macarena tableland formed approximately 1.2 billion years ago. They are a western extension of the Guiana Shield of Venezuela.</p><br>
<p>Caño Cristales is a fast river with many rapids and waterfalls. Often in the bed have formed small circular pits - giant&#39;s kettles, which have been formed by pebbles or chunks of harder rocks. Once one of these harder rock fragments falls into one of the cavities, it is rotated by the water current and begins to carve at the cavity wall and increases the dimensions of the pit.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna and flora</h2><br>
<p>The Serranía de la Macarena is located on the border of three large ecosystems, each of them with high diversity of flora and fauna: the Andes, the Eastern Llanos, and the Amazon rainforest. Plant and animal life are struggling with the lack of nutrients on the solid rock surface of the tableland and have developed diverse adaptations. The representative biome of the Serranía de La Macarena is the hydrophytic rainforest: hot, warm, and cold. The tableland is home to about 420 species of birds, 10 species of amphibians, 43 species of reptiles, and 69 primates.</p><br>
<p>Caño Cristales river has a wide variety of aquatic plants. The water of the river is extremely clear due to the lack of nutrients and small particles. Almost unique is the bright red - pink coloration of riverbed after the rainy period in the end of July - November. This color is caused by great quantities of endemic plant species Macarenia clavígera. This plant is found in some more local rivers, such as the Caño Siete Machos. These red plants adhere tightly to rocks in places where the river has faster current.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>To reach Caño Cristales, it is necessary to travel to the municipality of La Macarena, Meta, in Meta Department. There are two ways to get there, from Villavicencio, in a DC-3 cargo aircraft coming out every day, or from Bogota, by direct flight that departs every Monday, Thursday, and Saturday. To enter the national park where Cano Cristallas is located, you must be accompanied by a guide so in advance is highly recommended. Presently, there are no campsites available near Caño Cristales.</p><br>
<p>A popular time to visit Caño Cristales is from late July to early December.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. H. Huber Block is a historic commercial building in downtown Ottawa, Ohio, United States. Built in 1882, it was erected for Dr. Hubert Huber, a native of Germany who immigrated to the nearby village of Glandorf in 1853. This Italianate three-story brick building is typical of many commercial buildings constructed in villages such as Ottawa in the late nineteenth century: as prosperity increased, building owners sought to rebuild their structures in the style of those in large cities. Besides maintaining a medical practice in the building, Huber also operated a pharmacy on the first story that continued in operation long after his death; the second floor consisted of residential apartments that he rented out to others, and the third floor was used for nearly a century as a meeting place for the local Knights of Columbus lodge.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the Huber Block was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It qualified for inclusion because of its well-preserved historic architecture, which was seen as significant in the local community. Building was torn down in 2015 due to the 2007 flood damages.</p><br>
<p>Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church is a former parish of the Diocese of Sioux City. The church is located in Pocahontas, Iowa, United States, at 16 2nd Ave., NW. The parish served the Bohemian community that lived in the Pocahontas area. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Catholic Mass in Pocahontas was celebrated in 1875 by the Rev. T.M. Lenahan from Fort Dodge. The liturgies were celebrated irregularly in a schoolhouse until 1881. That year the Rev. Mathew Norton started celebrating Mass once a month.</p><br>
<p>In 1882 Warrich Price donated three acres of land east of town for a church and cemetery. Will Hubbel designed the building and directed the construction. The church measured 32 by 40 feet and was built for $2,000. The altar was built by Charles Andera of Spillville. Mary Payer donated the altar as well as a picture of St. Peter and St. Paul that was painted in Bohemia. The bells for the church, named Agnes and Joseph, were brought from St. Louis, Missouri.The first resident pastor, the Rev. J.P. Bronz, served the parish from 1891-1895. The rectory was built at this time. In 1894 the church building was moved to its current location and extended by 30 feet. The church was enlarged again and remodeled in 1895 at a cost of $1,800. In 1901 the parish became a Bohemian national parish to serve that immigrant community.</p><br>
<p>Renovations were made to the church in 1957 which included new floors, pews, altar and communion rail. It was redecorated in 1964 and changes were made a couple years later which reflected the liturgical changes inspired by the Second Vatican Council. The altar was changed so the priest could face the congregation.</p><br>
<p>By 1973 Pocahontas no longer needed two parishes, let alone a national parish for Bohemians. Bishop Frank H. Greteman merged both Saints Peter and Paul and Sacred Heart in Pocahontas into one parish named Resurrection of Our Lord. Both churches were used for liturgy until a new church could be built. Saints Peter and Paul Church was permanently closed in 1983. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The last Mass in the church was held in 1997.</p><br>
